lur.r,. ^^()^ 



AGRirULTTTRAL IMPLEMENTS AGUA FRESCA 



27 



fSuch are some of the earlier statements 

 in regard to the agricultural imiilemeuts 

 used by the Indians; liowever, certain 

 stone implements have been found in vast 

 numbers which are generally conceded to 

 have been used in breaking the soil. Of 

 these the most characteristic are the hoes 

 and spades of the middle Mississippi 

 valley. 



Formerly the tield work was generally 

 done by the women. Hariot (Hakluyt, 

 Voy., Ill, 329, 1810) says, "The women, 

 with short pickers or]>arers (l)ecause they 

 use them sitting] of a foot long, and about 

 5 inches in breadth, do only break the 

 upper part of the ground to raise up the 

 weeds, grass, and old stubs or cornstalks 

 with their roots." It was a general cus- 

 tom to burn over the ground l)efore plant- 

 ing in order to free it from weeds and 

 rubbish. In the forest region patches 

 were cleared by girdling the trees, thus 

 causing them to die, and afterward burn- 

 ing them down. 



Though the Indians as a rule have been 

 somewhat slow in adopting the plants 

 and methods introduced by the whites, 

 this has not been wholly because of their 

 dislike of labor, but in some cases has 

 been due largely to their removals l)y the 

 Government and to the unproductiveness 

 of the soil of many of the reservations 

 assigned them. Where tribes or portions 

 of tribes, as parts of the Cherokee and 

 Iroquois, were allowed to remain in their 

 original territory, they were not slow in 

 bringing into use the introduced plants 

 and farming methods of the whites, the 

 fruit trees, livestock, plows, etc. 



According to the Report of the Com- 

 missioner of Indian Affairs for 1904 the 

 following is a summary of the agricultural 

 industries of the Indians, exclusive of the 

 Five Civilized Tribes, during that year: 



Land onltivated acres 365, 469 



Land broken " 30, 644 



Land under fenee ( 1903) " 1, 830, 245 



Fencing built rods 269,578 



Families living on and cultivating 



lands in severalty 10, S46 



Crops raised: 



Wheat bushels 750, 788 



Oats and barley •■ 1,246,960 



Corn .■ •• 949,815 



Vegetables •• 606,023 



Flax " 26,290 



Hay tons 405. 627 



Miscellaneous products of Indian 

 labor: 



Butter made pounds 1.57, 057 



Lumber sawed feet 5, .563, 000 



Timber marketed •• 107,032,000 



Wood cut cords 118, 493 



Stock owned by Indians: 



Horses, mules, and burros 295, 466 



Cattle 497, 611 



Swine 40, 898 



Sheep 792, 620 



Goats 135, 417 



Domestic fowls 267, 574 



Freight transported by Indians with 



their own teams pounds 23, 717, 000 



Amount earned by such freighting . . 8113, 641 



VmIuc of pro<lucts ol' liidinn laiiorsold 

 liv Indians: 



J'o Governnictil 84-56, 026 



Otherwise SI. 878, 462 



Roads made miles .570 



R(iads repaired " 3,045 



Days' labor expended on roads 125, 813 



Much additional information regarding 

 agriculture among the Indians may be 

 found in the Annual Reportsof the Bureau 

 of American Ethnology. 8ee also F'uod, 

 Gounh, Irrigation, Maize, Tobacco, Wild 

 Rice, etc., and for agricultural imple- 

 ments see Hues, Iinjjleiiniits and Ftertsil.'<, 

 Sjtudrx. (c. T. ) 



Agtism. Mentioned as a Costanoan 

 village near Santa Cruz mission, Cal., in 

 1819. — Olbez cjuoted by Taylor in Cal. 

 Farmer, Apr. 5, 1860. 



Agua Caliente (Span.: 'warm water'). 

 A small Shoshonean division on the head- 

 waters of San Luis Key r., s. Cal., form- 

 ing one linguistic group with the Kawia, 

 Luiseiio, and Juaneilo. Villages: Gupa 

 and Wilakal. The people of Wilakal are 

 included in Los Coyotes res. (see Paclia- 

 iral). By decision of the U. S. Supreme 

 Court the title of the Indians in the other 

 village and in several small Diegueilo 

 rancherias, collectively better known as 

 "Warner's Ranch Indians," was dis- 

 proved, and under act of Congress of 

 May 27, 1902, a tract was added to Pala 

 res., and these and neighboring Indians 

 were removed thereto in 1903 (Ind. Aff. 

 Reps., 1902, 1903). At that time they 

 aggregated about 300. 



Agua Caliente. — Kroeber, inf'n, 1905. Hekwach. — 

 Ibid, (so called by Dicyuriios of San Felipe). 

 Warner's Ranch Indians. — Popular name for in- 

 habitants of Gupa and some Diegueno rancherias 

 in the neighborhood. Xagua'tc. — Boas in Proc. 

 Am. Asso. Adv. Sci., xi.iv, 261,1895 (so called by 

 Dieguenos of Tekumak). 



Aguacay. A large village, probably be- 

 longing to a division of a southern Cad- 

 doan tribe, formerly in the vicinity of 

 Washita r.. Ark., where salt was man- 

 ufactured both for home consumption 

 and for trade. It was visited by the De- 

 Soto expedition in 1542. See Gentl. of 

 Elvas (1557) in French, Hist. Coll. La., 

 II, 194, 1850; Hakluyt Soc. Pub., 197, 

 1851; Harris, Voy. and Trav., i, 810, 

 1705. (a. c. f.) 



Aguachacha. The Yavapai name of a 

 tril)e, evidently Yuman, living on the 

 lower Colorado in Arizona or California 

 in the 18th I'enturv. — Garces (1776), 

 Diary, 404, 1900. 



Aquachacha. — .lose Cortez (1799) ((uoted in Pac. 

 R. R. Rep.. Ill, pt. 3, 126, 1856. 



Agua Escondida (Span.: 'hidden wa- 

 ter'). Apparently a Pima or Papago 

 rancheria s. w. of Tubac, s. Arizona, in 

 1774.— Bancroft, Ariz, and N. Mex., .389, 

 1889. 



Agua Fresca ( Span. : ' fresh water ' ) . A 

 Timuquanan district in n. Florida about 

 the year 1600.— Pareja (1614), Arte Tim., 

 xxi, 1886. 



