54 



ANATOMY 



[b. a. e. 



The hair of the head is straight, ahnost 

 circular in cross-section, sHghtly coarser 

 than in the average white, rather abun- 

 dant and long. The range of variation 

 in natural length is from 40 to 100 cm., or 

 18 in. to 3b' in. Most male Indians would 

 have a slight to moderate mustache and 

 some beard on the chin if they allowed 

 the hair to grow; but side whiskers in 

 many are absent, or nearly so. Both 

 mustache and chin beard are scarcer and 

 coarser than with the whites, straight, 

 of the same black as the hair, and in 

 length 4 to 7 cm., or li in. to 2h in. 

 The hair in the axilla' and on the pubis 

 is moderate in quantity, in some instances 

 nearly absent, and on the rest of the body 

 hairs are shorter and less abundant than 

 with the average white person. The 

 jiails are dull bluish in hue and moder- 

 ately tough. 



The face is well rounded and agreeable 

 in childhood, interesting and occasionally 

 handsome during adolescence and earlier 

 adult life, and agreeable but much 

 wrinkled in old age. The forehead in 

 adults with undeformed skulls is some- 

 what low and in males slopes slightly 

 backward. The eyebrows, where not 

 plucked, are frequently connected by 

 sparser hair above the nose. The eye- 

 lashes are moderately thick and long. 

 The apertures of the eyes are slightly 

 oblique, the outer canthi, especially the 

 right one, being the higher. In children 

 the fold called Mongolic is general, but 

 not excessive. The root of the nose is 

 usually depressed, as in most whites. 

 The size and shape of the nose vary 

 much, but it is commonly slightly 

 shorter at the base and relatively wider 

 than in whites, with an aquiline bridge 

 predominating in men. In many men 

 the point of the nose is lower than the 

 base of the septum, the distal length 

 exceeding the proximal. This peculiarity 

 is especially frequent in some tribes. In 

 women the nasal depression is wider and 

 oftener shallower, and the bridge lower. 

 Thin noses are not found. The lips are 

 well formed and, barring individual 

 exceptions, about as thick as in average 

 whites. Prognathism is greater than in 

 whites. The malars are in both sexes 

 somewhat large and prominent; this 

 becomes especially apparent in old age 

 when much of the adipose tissue below 

 them is gone. The chin often appears 

 less prominent than in whites, but this 

 effect is due to the greater alveolar pro- 

 trusion. The ears are well formed and 

 of good size, occasionally somewhat thick. 

 The neck is of fair dimensions, never 

 very long or thin. 



The body as a rule is of good propor- 

 tions, symmetrical, and, except in old age, 

 straight and well nourished. The chest 



is of ample size, especially in men. The 

 abdomen, which in children is often 

 rather large, retains but slight fulness 

 in later life. The pelvis, on account of 

 the ample chest, appears somewhat small, 

 but is not so by actual measurement. 

 The spinal curves are only moderate, as 

 are the size and prominence of the but- 

 tocks. The thighs are rather shapely; 

 the calves are usually smaller than in 

 whites. The upper limbs are of good 

 shajte and medium musculature. The 

 feet and liands are well molded and in 

 many tribes smaller than they ordi- 

 narily are in whites. The toes are rather 

 short, and, where the ])eople walk nmch 

 barefoot or in sandals, show more or less 

 separation. The proximal i)arts of the 

 second and third toes are' often confluent. 

 In the more sedentary tribes the women, 

 and occasionally also the men, are in- 

 clined to corpulence. The breasts of 

 women are of medium size; in the child- 

 less the conical form predominates; the 

 nipple and areola are more pronounced 

 than in whites; in later life the l)reasts 

 become small and flaccid. The genital 

 organs do not differ essentially from those 

 of the whites. 



The Indian skull is, on the average, 

 slightly smaller than that of whites of 

 ecpial height. Cranial capacity in men 

 ranges from 1,300 to 1,500 c. c. ; in women 

 from al)out 1,150 to 1,350 c. c. The 

 frontal region in men is often low and 

 sloping, the sagittal region elevated, the 

 occipital region niarked with moderate 

 ridges and, in the dolichocephalic, pro- 

 truding. Sutures are mostly less serrated 

 than in whites; metopism, except in some 

 localities, is rare, and occipital division is 

 uncommon, while malar division, is very 

 rare and parietal division extren)ely so. 

 Intercalated liones are few in undeformed 

 crania; in deformed crania they are more 

 numerous. The glabella, supraorbital 

 ridges, and mastoids in male skulls are 

 well-develoj)ed and sometimes heavy; in 

 women they are small or of medium size. 

 The nasal bridge is occasionally low, the 

 nasal spine smaller than in whites; the 

 lower borders of the nasal aperture are 

 not often sharp, but nasal gutters are 

 rare; subnasal fossae are rather common. 

 Orbits are of fair volume, approaching 

 the quadrilateral, with angles rounded. 

 Malars are often large, submalar depres- 

 sions medium or shallow. The upper 

 alveolar process, and occasionally also the 

 lower, shows in both sexes a degree of 

 prognathism greater than the average in 

 whites, but less than in the negro. The 

 protrusion on the whole is somewhat 

 greater in the females. The face is meso- 

 or ortho-gnathic. The lower jaw varies 

 greatly. The chin is of moderate promi- 

 nence, occasionally high, sometimes 



