HULL. 30] 



ANATOMY 



55 



square in form. The prominence of the 

 angles in full-grown males is not infre- 

 quently pronounced. 



As to base structures, the foramen mag- 

 num is seldom large, and its position and 

 inclination are very nearly the same as 

 in whites; the styloid process is mostly 

 smaller than in whites and not infre- 

 quently rudimentary; petrous portions 

 on the average are less depressed below 

 the level of neighboring parts than in 

 whites; anterior lacerated foramina are 

 smaller; the palate is well formed and 

 fairly si)acious, mostly yjarabolic, occa- 

 sionally U-shaped. 



The teeth are of moderate size; upper 

 incisors are ventrally concave, shovel- 

 shaped; canines not excessive; molars 

 much as in whites; third molars rarely 

 absent when adult life is reached. The 

 usual cuspidory formula, though varia- 

 tions are lunnerous, is 4, 4, 3, above; 

 5, 5, irregular, below. A supernumerary 

 conical dental element ajjpears with some 

 frequency in the upper jaw between, in 

 front of, or behind the middle permanent 

 incisors. 



The bones of the vertebral column, the 

 ribs, sternum, clavicles, and the smaller 

 bones of the upper and lower limbs pre- 

 sent many marks of minor importance. 

 The pelvis is well formed, moderately 

 spacious, approaching the European in 

 shape. The humerus is rather tlat, at 

 times very much so; the fossa in 31 

 per cent is perforated; but vestiges of 

 a supracondyloid process are nmch rarer 

 than in whites. The humero-radial in- 

 dex of maximum frequency in adult males 

 is 77 to 80 (in whites 71 to 75) ; humero- 

 femoral index, 71 to 75 (in whites 70 to 

 74). The femur is quite flat below the 

 tuberosities; the tibia, often fiat (platyc- 

 nemic) . 



Of the brain and other soft organs but 

 little is known. Two adult male Apache 

 brains, collected by Dr W. Matthews 

 and now preserved in the U. S. National 

 Museum, weighed after removal 1,191 

 and 1,304 grams, respectively. Both 

 show good gyration. 



The Eskimo differs anatomically from 

 the Indian in many important features. 

 His hair and eyes are similar in shade, 

 though tlie eyes are more ol)liquely set; 

 but his skin color on the whole is lighter, 

 being yellowish or light brown, with a 

 pronounced redness of the face. The 

 Eskimo skull is high, normally scaphoid, 

 and usually spacious. The face is large 

 and flat, and the nasal bones are narrower 

 than in any other people. The bones of 

 the body are usual Iv strong. There is 

 less flattening of the shaft of the humerus, 

 of the upper part of the shaft of the femur, 

 and of the tibia. The superior border of 

 the scapula shows often an angular in- 

 stead of a curved outline. 



In anthropometric differentiation the 

 native tribes n. of Mexico are primarily 

 separable into Indians and Eskimo. Some 

 of the adjacent Indian tribes show Es- 

 kimo admixture. 



The Indians among themselves vary 

 considerably in stature, in form of the 

 head and face, and of the orbits, the 

 nose, and the nasal aperture. Low 

 stature, from ItiO to 165 cm. in males, 

 is found among some of the Califor- 

 nian tribes (as the Yuki of Round 

 Valley agency), many of the Pueblos, 

 and some of the tribes of the N. W. 

 coast, as the Salish of Harrison lake 

 and Thompson r., and others. Among 

 the Tigua, Tewa, Apache, Navaho, Co- 

 manche, northern Ute, Paiute, and Sho- 

 shoni, among the majority of Califor- 

 nia, Washington, and Oregon tribes, and 

 among the eastern Cherokee, Chick- 

 asaw, Kiowa, and Iowa the height in 

 male adults ranges between 165 and 170 

 cm., while among the Yuma, Mohave, 

 Maricopa, Pima, Nez Perces, Sioux, 

 Crows, Winnebago, Cheyenne, Arapaho, 

 Iroquois, Osage, Chippewa, and eastern 

 Algonquians the prevalent stature of 

 adult men is from 170 to 175 cm. The 

 range of variation in the majority of 

 tribes and in both sexes is within 30 

 cm. The stature does n(jt regularly 

 follow the geographic or climatic fea- 

 tures, nor does it agree wholly with 

 the distribution of the other principal 

 physical characteristics. The women are 

 on' the average about 12.5 cm. shorter 

 than the men^ the difference is greater 

 among the tall than among the short 

 tribes. 



The distribution of the Indians accord- 

 ing to cephalic index is of much interest. 

 P'xcluding tribes that are known to be 

 much mixed, there are found in the 

 teriitorj' n. of Mexico all the three prin- 

 cipal classes of cranial form, namely, 

 dolicho-, brachy-, and meso-cephalic. 

 Among the extremely dolichocephalic 

 were the Delawares and the southern 

 Utah cliff-dwellers. Moderate dolicho- 

 cephaly, with occasional extreme forms, 

 was and is very prevalent, being found 

 in the Algonquian and the majority of 

 the Siouan and Plains tribes and among 

 the Siksika, Shoshoni, some Pueblos 

 (e. g., Taos), and the Pima. Pure bra- 

 chycephaly existed in Florida, and pre- 

 vailed in the mound region and among 

 the ancient Pueblos. It is best repre- 

 sented to-day among the Apache, Wala- 

 pai, Havasupai, Nez Perces, Harrison lake 

 Salish, Osage, and Wichita, and in a less 

 degree among the Hopi, Zufii, most of the 

 Rio Grande PueV)los, Navaho, Mohave, 

 Yuma, California Mission Indians, Co- 

 manche, Winnebago, many of the north- 

 western tribes, and Seminole. Mesoceph- 

 aly existed principally among the Call- 



