56 



AKATOMY— ANCHOR STONES 



[b. a. E. 



fornia ludiany, tlie C'lierokt'e, and.souK' of 

 the Sioux and Iru(iuois. Tlu're areiiumer- 

 ovis tril)e8 in Nortli America aljout whose 

 cephaHc form there is still much uncer- 

 tainty on account of the prevailing head 

 deformation. As to the height of the 

 head, which must naturally he considered 

 in connection with the cephalic index, 

 fair uniformity is found. In the Apache 

 the head is rather low, among most other 

 tribes it is moderate. 



The form of the face is generally allied, 

 as among other peoples, to the form of 

 the head, being relatively narrow in nar- 

 row heads and broad in the brachyce- 

 phahc. Orbits show variations, but the 

 prevalent form is mesoseme. The nose 

 and the nasal aperture are generally 

 mesorhinic; the principal exception to 

 this is found on the w. coast, especially 

 in California, where a relatively narrow 

 nose (leptorhinic) was common. The 

 projection of the upper alveolar region 

 is almost uniformly mesognathic. 



The Eskimo range in height from short 

 to medium, with long and high head, rela- 

 tively broad flat face, high orbits, and 

 narrow nose, showing alveolar progna- 

 thisni like the Indians. 



Consult Morton, ( 1 ) Crania Americana, 

 1839, (2) Distinctive characteristics, 1844; 

 Retzius, Om foramen af hufvudets ben- 

 stomme, 1847; Meigs, Observations, 1866; 

 Gould, Investigations, 1869; Wyman, (1) 

 Observations on crania, 1871, (2) Fresh 

 water shell mounds, 1875; Verneau, Le 

 bassin suivant les sexes, 1875; Eleventh 

 and Twelfth Reps. Peabody Museum, 

 1878; Quatrefages and Hamy, Crania eth- 

 nica, 1878-79; Flower, Catalogue of speci- 

 mens, 1879; Carr, (1) Observationson cra- 

 nia from Tennessee, 1878, (2) Measure- 

 ments of crania from California, 1880, (3) 

 Observations on crania from Santa Barbara 

 Ids., 1879, (4) Notes on crania of New 

 England Indians, 1880; Otis, List of speci- 

 mens, 1880; Langdon, Madisonville pre- 

 historic cemetery, 1881; Chudzinsky, Sur 

 les trois encephales des Esquimaux, 1881; 

 Virchow (1) in Beitriige zur Craniologie 

 der Insulaner von der Wes'tkiiste Norda- 

 merikas, 1889, (2) Crania Ethnica Amer- 

 icana, 1892; ten Kate, Somatological 

 Observations, 1892; Matthews and Wort- 

 man, Human bones of Hemenway collec- 

 tion, 1891; Boas, (1) Zur anthropologie 

 der nordamerikanischen Indianer, 1895, 

 (2) A. J. Stone's measurements of natives 

 of the N. W., 1901, (3) Anthropometri- 

 cal o])servations on Mission Indians, 1896; 

 Boas and Farrand, Physical characteris- 

 tics of tribes of British Columbia, 1899; 

 Allen, Crania from mounds of St. John's 

 r., Fla. , 1896;, Sergi, Crani esquimesi, 

 1901; Duckworth, Contribution to Eskimo 

 craniology, 1900; Hrdlicka, (1) An Es- 

 kimo brain, 1901, (2) The crania of Tren- 



ton, N. J., 1902, (3) The Lansing skeleton, 



1903, (4) Notes on the Indians of Sonora, 



1904, (5) Contributions to physical anthro- 

 pology of Cal., 1905; Spitzka, Contribu- 

 tions to encephalic anatomy of races, 1902; 

 Tocher, Note on measurements of Eskimo, 

 1902; Matiegka, Schiidel und Skelette 

 von Santa Rosa, 1904. See Artificial 

 Jtead deformation, Pliysiology. (a. h.) 



Anawan. See Aunaivan. 



Anpalagresses. A small tribe mentioned 

 by Milfort (Memoire, 106, 1802) as resid- 

 ing w. of Mississippi r. and near the Ka- 

 kias (Cahokia) in 1782. 



Ancavistis. A division of the Faraon 

 Apache. — Orozco y Berra, Geog. , 59, 1864. 



Ancestor worship. See MiitJiologn, Re.li- 

 gion. 



Anchguhlsu ('town they abandoned' ). 

 The chief town of the Auk, situated op- 

 posite the N. end of Douglas id., Alaska. — 

 Swanton, field notes, 1904. ' 



Ak!an. — Swanton, op. cit.( 'lake town'). Ak'an,^ 

 Krause, Tlinkit Inrt., IIG, 188.5. AntcgEitsu.— 

 Swanton, oji. cit. 



Anchin. A former village, presumably 

 Costanoan, connected with Dolores mis- 

 sion, San Francisco, Cal.- — Tavlor in Cal. 

 Farmer, Oct. 18, 1861. 



Anchor stones. The native tribes n. of 

 Mexit'o used bark and skin boats, dug- 

 outs, and, in the extreme S. W. and on the 

 California coast, balsas; and in the use 

 of these frail craft for purposes of travel, 

 transportation, fishing, hunting, and war- 

 fare, the necessity for some means of 

 anchorage was felt. In shallow waters 

 with soft bottoms poles were often used; 

 but of most general availability were 

 stones that could be secured with a line 

 and dropped from the vessel at any point. 

 Commonly the stones thus used were 

 simply bowlders or 

 fragments of rock of y^'"'"^'^' 



proper weight, but 

 in some cases the 

 form was modified 

 to facilitate attach- 

 ment of the cord. 

 A simple e n c i r- 

 cling groove, mere 

 notches in the mar- 

 gins, or a rude per- 

 f oration, .sufficed 

 for the purpose; the 

 former treatment gave to the utensil the 

 appearance of a grooved haimner. In- 

 deed, it probably often happened that 

 these anchor stones were used as hammers 

 or as mauls ( )r sledges for heavy work when 

 occasion required. It is observed also 

 that some specimens have served as mor- 

 tars or anvil stones, and no doubt also for 

 grindingand shapingimplementsof stone. 

 Stones of all available varieties were used, 

 and the weight, so far as observed, rarely 

 exceeds 40 or 50 pounds. The grooves 



\ 



ANCHOR STONE, ILLINOIS RIVER 

 (diameter 12 !N. ) 



