62 



ANTIQUITY ANVIK 



[b. a. e. 



erationssuggestthe wisdom of formulating 

 conclusions with the utmost caution. 



Caves and rock shelters representing 

 various periods and offering dwelling 

 places to the tribes that have come and 

 gone, may reasonably be expected to con- 

 tain traces of the }>eoples of all periods of 

 occupancy; but the deposits forming their 

 floors, with few exceptions, have not 

 been very fully examined, and up to the 

 present time have furnished no very 

 tangible evidence of the presence of men 

 beyond the limited period of the Ameri- 

 can Indian as known to us. The Uni- 

 versity of California has conducted exca- 

 vations in a cave in the n. part" of the 

 state, and the discovery of bones that 

 appear to have been shaped by human 

 hands, associated with fossil fauna that 

 probably represent early (xlacial times, 

 has l:)een reported (Sinclair); but the re- 

 sult is not decisive. The apparent ab- 

 sence or dearth of ancient human remains 

 in the caves of the country furnishes one 

 of the strongest reasons for critically ex- 

 amining all testimony bearing on antiq- 

 uity about which reasonable doubt can 

 be raised. It is incredible that primitive 

 man should have inhabited a country of 

 caverns for ages without resorting at 

 some period to their hospital^le shelter; 

 but research in this field is hardly begun, 

 and evidence of a more conclusive nature 

 may y6t be forthcoming. 



In view of the extent of the researches 

 carried on in various fields with the object 

 of adducing evidence on which to base a 

 "scheme of human chronology in America, 

 decisive results are surprisingly meager, 

 and the finds so far made, reputed to 

 represent a vast period of time stretching 

 forward from the middle Tertiary to the 

 present, are characterized by so many de- 

 fects of observation and record and so 

 many apparent incongruities, biological, 

 geological, and cultural, that the task of 

 thechronologistisstilllargely before him. 



For archeological investigations and 

 scientific discussion relating to the an- 

 tiquity of man within the limits of the 

 United States, see Abbott ( 1 ) in Proc. 

 Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,x.xiii, 1888, (2) in 

 Proc. A. A. A. S., xxxvii, 1888; Allen, 

 Prehist. World, 1885; Bancroft, Native 

 Races, iv, 1882; Becker in Bull. Geol. 

 Soc. Am., II, 1891; Blake in Jour. Geol., 

 VII, no. 7, 1899; Brower, Memoirs, v, 

 1902; Chamberlin (1) in Jour. Geol., x, 

 no. 7, 1902, (2) in The Dial, 1892; Clay- 

 pole in Am. Geol., xviii, 1896; Dall (1) in 

 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, (2) in 

 Cont. N. Am. P^thnol., i, 1877; Emmons 

 in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, 

 1889; Farrand, Basis of Am. Hist., 1904; 

 Foster, Prehist. Races, 1878; Fowke, 

 Archeol. Hist. Ohio, 1902; Gilbert in Am. 

 Anthrop., ii, 1889; Haynes in Winsor, 



Narr. and Crit. Hist. Am., i, 1889; 

 Holmes ( 1 ) in Rep. Smithson. Inst. 1899, 

 1901, (2) ibid. 1902, 1903, (3) in Jour. 

 Geol., 1, nos. 1, 2, 1893, (4) in Am. Geol., 

 XI, no. 4, 1893, (5) in Science, Nov. 25, 

 1892, and Jan. 25, 1893; Hrdlicka (1) in 

 Am. Anthrop., n. s., v, no. 2, 1903, (2) in 

 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1902; 

 Kummel in Proc. A. A. A. S., xlvi, 1897; 

 Lapham in Smithson. Cont., vii, 1855; 

 Lewis, ibid., xxix, 1S80; McGee (1) in 

 Am. Anthrop., ii, no. 4, 1889; v, no. 4, 

 1892; VI, no. 1, 1893, (2) in Pop. Sci. 

 Mo., Nov.,' 1888, (3) in Am. Antiq., 

 XIII, no. 7, 1891; Mercer (1) in Proc. A. 

 A. A. S., XLVI, 1897, (2) in Am. Nat., 

 XXVII, 1893, (3) in Pubs. -Univ. of Pa., 

 VI, 1897; Morse in Proc. A. A. A. S., 

 XXXIII, 1884; Munro, Archajol. and False 

 Antiq., 1905; Nadaillac, Prehist. America, 

 1884; Peterson in Records of Past, ii, pt. 

 1,1903; Powell in The Forum, 1890; Put- 

 nam (1) in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 

 XXI, 1881-83; xxiii, 1885-88, (2) in Pea- 

 bodv Mus. Reps., ix-xxxvii, 1876-1904, 

 (3) "in Proc. A. A. A. S., xlvi, 1897, (4) 

 in Rep. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1899, 1900; 

 Salisbury (1) in Proc. A. A. A. S., xlvi, 

 1897, (2) in Science, Dec. 31,1897; Shaler 

 in Peabody ]\Ius. Rep., ii, no. 1, 1877; 

 Sinclair in Pub. Univ. Cal., ii, no. 1, 

 1904; Skertchley in Jour. Anthrop. Inst., 

 XVII, 1888; Squier and Davis, Smithson. 

 Cont., I, 1848; Thomas (1) Hist. N. Am., 

 II, 1904, (2) in 12th Rep. B. A. E., 1894, 

 (3) Introd. Study of N. Am. Arch., 1903; 

 llpham in Science, Aug., 1902; Whitney, 

 Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada, 

 1879; Williston in Science, Aug., 1902; 

 Winchell (1) in Am. Ueol., Sept., 1902, 

 (2) in Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., xiv, 1903; 

 Wright, (1) Man and the Glacial Period, 

 1895, (2) Ice Age, 1889, (3) in Pop. Sci. 

 Mo., May, 1893, (4) in Proc. Boston Soc. 

 Nat. Hist., XXIII, 1888, (5) in Rec. of the 

 Past, II, 1903; iv, 1905; Wyman in Mem. 

 Peabody Acad. Sci., i, no. 4, 1875. 



The progress of opinion and research 

 relating to the origin, antiquity, and early 

 history of the American tribes is recorded 

 in a vast body of literature fully cited, 

 until within recent years, by Bancroft in 

 Native Races, iv, 1882, and Haynes in 

 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, 

 I, 1884. (w. II. H.) 



Antler. See Bone-irorl'. 



Anu. The Red-ant clan of the .Ala 

 (Horn) phratry of the Hojn. 

 An-iiamu.— Voth, Traditions of tlie Hopi, ;i7, WOf). 

 A'-nii wiin-wii.— Fewkcs in Am. Anthrop., vii, 

 401, 1894 (i('(( »-(('» = -clan'). 



Anuenes {Anue^nes). A gens of the 

 Nanaimo. — Boas in 5th Rep. N. W. 

 Tribes, 32, 1889. 



Anvik. A Kaiyuhkhotana village at 

 the junction of Anvik and Yukon rs., 

 Alaska. Pop. in 1844, 120; in 1880, 95; 



