64 



APACHE 



[ii. A. E. 



greater confusion to writers, from the fact 

 that tiie popular names of the tribes are 

 derived fromsome local or temporary hab- 

 itat, owing to their shifting propensities, 

 or were given by the Spaniards on ac- 

 count of some tribal characteristic; hence 

 some of the common names of apparently 

 different Apache tribes or bands are syn- 

 onymous, or practically so; again, as em- 

 ployed by some writers, a name may 

 include much more or much less than 

 when employed by others. Although 

 most of the Apache have l)een hostile 

 since they have been known to history, 

 the most serious modern outbreaks have 

 been attributed to mismanagement on the 

 part of civil authorities. The most im- 

 portant recent hostilities were those of the 

 Chiricahua under Cochise, and later Vic- 

 torio, who, together with 500 Mimbrenos, 

 Mogollones, and Mescaleros, were as- 

 signed, about 1870, to the Ojo Caliente 

 reserve in w. N. Mex. Cochise, who had 

 repeatedly refused to be confined within 

 reservation limits, tied with his band, but 

 returned in 1871, at which time 1,200 to 

 1,900 Apache were on the reservation. 

 Complaints from neighboring settlers 

 caused their removal to Tularosa, 60 m. 

 to the N. w., but 1,000 tied to the Mesca- 

 lero reserve on Pecos r., while Cochise 

 went out on another raid. Efforts of the 

 military agent in 1873 to compel the res- 

 toration of some stolen cattle caused the 

 rest, numbering 700, again to decamp, 

 but they were soon captured. In com- 

 pliance with the wishes of tlie Indians, 

 they were returned to Ojo Caliente in 

 1874. Soon afterward Cochise died, and 

 the Indians began to show such interest 

 in agriculture that by 1875 there were 

 1,700 Apache at Ojo Caliente, and no 

 depredations were reported. In the fol- 

 lowing year the Chiricahua res. in Arizona 

 was abolished, and 325 of the Indians 

 were removed to the San Carlos agency; 

 others joined their kindred at Ojo 

 Caliente, while some either remained 

 on the mountains of their old reserva- 

 tion or fled across the Mexican border. 

 This removal of Indians from their an- 

 cestral homes was in pursuance of a 

 policy of concentration, which was tested 

 in theChiricahua removal in Arizona. In 

 April, 1877, Geronimo and other chiefs, 

 with the remnant of the band left on the 

 old reservation, and evidently the Mexi- 

 can refugees, began dejiredations in s. 

 Arizona and n. Chihuahua, but in May 

 433 were captured and returned to San 

 Carlos. At the same time the policy was 

 applied to the Ojo Caliente Apache of 

 New Mexico, who were making good 

 progress in civilized pursuits; but when 

 the i)lan was ])ut in actif)n only 450 of 

 2,000 Indians were found, the remainder 

 I'orming into ])redatory bands under Vic- 



torio. In September 300 Chiricahua, 

 mainly of the Ojo Caliente band, escaped 

 from San Carlos, but surrendered after 

 many engagements. Tliese were returned 

 to Ojo C'aliente, but they soon ran off 

 again. In February, 1878, Victorio sur- 

 rendered in the hope that he and his 

 people might remain on their former 

 reservation, but another attempt was 

 made to force the Indians to go to San 

 Carlos, with the same result. In June 

 the fugitives again appeared at the Mes- 

 calero agency, and arrangements were at 

 last made for them to settle there; l)ut, as 

 the local authorities found indictments 

 against Victorio and others, charging 

 them with murder and robljery, this 

 chief, with his few immediate followers 

 and some Mescaleros, fled from the reser- 

 vation and resumed marauding. A call 

 was made for an increased force of mili- 

 tary, but in the skirmishes in which they 

 were engaged the Chiricahua met with 

 remarkable success, while 70 settlers were 

 murdered during a single raid. Victorio 

 was joined before April, 1880, by 350 

 Mescaleros and Chiricahua refugees from 

 Mexico, and the repeated raids which 

 followed struck terror to the inhabitants 

 of New Mexico, Arizona, and Chihuahua. 

 On A[)ril 13 1,000 troops arrived, and 

 their number was later greatly aug-- 

 mented. Victorio's band was frequently 

 encountered by superior forces, and 

 although supported during most of the 

 time by only 250 or 300 flghting men, 

 this warrior usually inflicted severer 

 punishment tlian he suffered. In these 

 raids 200 citizens of New Mexico, and as 

 many more of Mexico, were killed. At 

 one time the band was virtually sur- 

 rounded l)y a force of more than 2,000 

 cavalry and several hundred Indian 

 scouts, but Victorio eluded capture and 

 fled across the Mexican l)order, where 

 he continued his bloody campaign. 

 Pressed on both sides of the international 

 boundary, and at times harassed by 

 United States and Mexican troops com- 

 bined, Victorio Anally suffered severe 

 losses and his band became divided. In 

 October, 1880, IVIexican troops encoun- 

 tered Victorio's party, comprising 100 

 warriors, with 400 women and children, 

 at Tres Castillos; the Indians were sur- 

 rounded and attacked in the evening, the 

 flght continuing throughout the night; 

 in the morning the ammunition of the 

 Indians bei'ame exhausted, but although 

 rapidly losing s.trength, the renmant re- 

 fused to surrender until Victorio, who 

 had been wounded several times, finally 

 fell dead. This disaster to the Indians 

 did not quell their hostility. Victorio 

 was succeeded by Nana, who (collected 

 the divided force, received reenforce- 

 ments from the Mescaleros and the San 



