6(5 



APACHE 



character by an attack on Mormon set- 

 tlers in Chihuahua. Apache hostility in 

 Arizona and New Mexico, however, has 

 entirely ceased. (See Hodge in Encvc. 

 Brit., '''Indians," 1902.) 



Being a nomadic people, the Apache 

 practised agriculture only to a limited ex- 

 tent before their permanent establishment 

 on reservations. They subsisted chiefly 

 on the products of the chase and on roots 

 (especially that of the maguey) and ber- 

 ries. Although lish and liear were found 

 in abundance in their country they were 

 not eaten, being talnied as food. They 

 had few arts, l)ut the women attained 

 high skill in juaking baskets. Their 

 dwellings were shelters of brush, which 

 were easily erected by the women and 

 were well adapted to their arid environ- 

 ment and constant shifting. In phys- 

 ical appearance the Apache vary greatly, 

 but are rather above the medium 

 height. They are good talkers, are not 

 readily deceived, and are honest in pro- 

 tecting property placed in their care, 

 although they formerly obtained their 

 chief support from plunder seized in 

 their forays. 



The Apache are divided into a num- 

 Ijer of tribal groups which have been so 

 differently named and defined that it 

 is sometimes difficult to determine to 

 which branch writers refer. The most 

 commonly accepted divisions are the 

 Querechos or Vatpieros, consisting of the 

 Mescaleros, Jicarillas, Faraones, Llaneros, 

 and ]>robably the Lipan; the Chiricahua; 

 the Pinaleiios; theCoyoteros, comprising 

 the White Mountain and Pinal divi- 

 sions; the Arivaipa; the Ciila Apache, 

 including the Gilenos, Mimbrenos, and 

 MogoUones; andtheTontos. Thepresent 

 official designation of the divisions, with 

 their population in 1903, is as follows: 

 White Mountain Apache (comprising the 

 Arivaipa, Tsiltaden or Chilion, Chirica- 

 hua, Coyoteros, Mimbrefios, MogoUones, 

 Pinals, '"San Carlos," and Tontos), under 

 Ft Apache agency, 2^058; Apache con- 

 sisting of the same divisions as above, 

 under San Carlos agency, 2,275; Apache 

 at Angora, Ariz., 38; Jicarillas under 

 school superintendent in New Mexico, 

 782; Mescaleros under Mescalero agencv, 

 N. Mex., 464; Chiricahua at Ft Sill, 

 Okla., 298; Kiowa Apache, under Kiowa 

 agency, Okla., 156. Besides these there 

 were 19 Lipan in n. w. Chihuahua, some 

 of the survivors of a tribe which, owing 

 to their hostility, was almost destroyed, 

 chiefly by Mexican Kickapoo cooperating 

 with Mexican troops. This remnant was 

 removed from Zaragoza, Coahuila, to 

 Chihuahua in Oct., 1903, and a year later 

 ' were brought to the XT. S. and placed 

 under the Mescalero agency in New Mex- 

 ico. Until 1904 there lived with the 



Apache of Arizona a number of Indians 

 of" Yuman stock, particularly "Mohave 

 Apache," or Yavapai, but these are now 

 mostly established at old Camp McDow- 

 ell. The forays and conquests of the 

 A])ache resulted in the absorption of a 

 large foreign element, Piman, Yuman, 

 and Spanish,, although captives were 

 treated with disrespect and marriages 

 with them broke clan ties. The Pinal 

 Coyoteros, and evidently also the Jica- 

 rillas, had some admixture of Pueblo 

 ))lood. The Tontos (q. v.) were largely 

 of mixed blood according to Corbusier, 

 but Hrdlicka's observations show them 

 to be pure Apache. Tribes or ))ands 

 known or supposed to be Apache, but 

 not otherwise identifiable, are the follow- 

 ing: Alacranes, Animas, Bissarhar, Cha- 

 falote, Cocoyes, Colina, Doestoe, Goolkiz- 

 zen, Janos, Jocomes, Tejua, Tremblers, 

 Zillgaw. 



The Apache are divided into many 

 clans which, however, are not totemic 

 and they usually take their names from 

 the natural features of localities, never 

 from animals. Like clans of different 

 Apache tril)es recognize their affiliation. 

 The Juniper clan found by Bourke among 

 the White Mountain Apache at San Carlos 

 agency and Ft Apache (Jour. Am. Folk- 

 lore, III, 112, 1890), called by them Yogo- 

 yekayden, reappears as Chokonni among 

 the Chiricahua and as Yagoyecayn among 

 the Pinal Coyoteros. The White Moun- 

 tain Apache have a clan called I)estchin 

 (Red Paint), which is correlated to the 

 Chie clan of the Chiricahua and appears 

 to have separated from the Satchin (Red 

 Rock ) clan, l)oth being represented among 

 the Navaho by the Dhestshini (Red 

 Streak). The "Carrizo clan, Klokada- 

 kaydn, of San Carlos agency and Ft 

 Apache is the Klugaducayn (Arrow 

 Reed ) of the Pinal Coyoteros. Tutzose, 

 the Water clan of the" Pinal Coyoteros, 

 is found also among the White Moun- 

 tain Apache, who have a Walnut clan, 

 called Ohiltneyadnaye, as the Pinal Co- 

 yotero have one called Chisnedinadi- 

 naye. Natootzuzn ( Point of Mountain) , a 

 clan at San Carlos agency, corresponds to 

 Nagosugn, a Pinal Coyoteroclan. Tizses- 

 sinaye (Little Cottonwood Jungle of the 

 former) seems to have divided into the 

 clans Titsessinaye of the Pinal Coyotero, 

 of the same signitication, and Destcheti- 

 naye (Tree in a Spring of Water). Kay- 

 hatin is the name of the Willow clan 

 among both, and the Navaho have one, 

 called Kai. Tzisequittzillan (Twin Peaks) 

 of the White Mountain Apache, Tziltadin 

 (Mountain Slope) of the Pinal Coyotero, 

 and Navaho Dsilanothilni (Encircled 

 Mountain), and Tsayiskidhni (Sage-brush 

 Hill), are supposed by Bourke to have 

 had a common origin. And there are 



