BtlLL. 30] 



ARAPAHO 



va 



reservation on Wind r. in Wyoininij in 

 1876, after having made peace with their 

 hereditary enemies, the Shoshoni, living 

 upon the same reservation. The Atsina 

 division, usually regarded as a distinct 

 tribe, is associated with the Assiniboin on 

 Ft Belknap res. in Montana. They 

 numbered, respectively, 889, 859, and 535 

 in 1904, a total of 2,283, as against a total 

 of 2,638 ten years earlier. 



As a people the Arapaho are brave, but 

 kindly and accommodating, and much 

 given to ceremonial observances. The 

 annual sun dance is their greatest tribal 

 ceremony, and they were active propa- 

 gators of the ghost-dance religion (q. v. ) 

 a few years ago. In arts and home life, 

 until within a few years past, they were 

 a typical Plains tribe. They Ijury their 

 dead in the ground, unlike the Cheyenne 

 and Sioux, who deposit them upon scaf- 

 folds or on the surface of the ground in 

 boxes. They have the military organiza- 

 tion common to most of the Plains tribes 

 (see Military societies), and have no trace 

 of the clan system. 



They recognize among themselves five 

 main divisions, each speaking a different 

 dialect and apparently representing as 

 many originally distinct but cognate 

 tribes, viz: 



( 1 ) Nakasine^na, Baachinena, or North- 

 ern Arapaho. Nakasinena, ' sagebrush 

 men,' is the name used by themselves. 

 Baachinena, 'red willow men (?),' is 

 the name l)y which they were com- 

 monly known to the rest of the tribe. 

 The Kiowa distinguished them as Til- 

 gyiiko, 'sagebrush people,' a translation 

 of their proper name. They keep the 

 sacred tribal articles, and are considered 

 the nucleus or mother tribe of the Arap- 

 aho, being indicated in the sign language 

 (q. V.) by the sign for "mother peoj)le." 



(2) Nawunena, 'southern men,' or 

 Southern Arapaho, called Nawathi'nfiha, 

 ' soutlierners,' by the Northern Arapaho. 

 The Kiowa know them as Ahayadal, the 

 (plural) name given to the wild plum. 

 The sign for them is made by rubbing the 

 index finger against the side of the nose. 



(3) Aii^ninena, Hitiinena, Atsina, or 

 Gros Ventres of the Prairie. The first 

 name, said to mean 'white clay people,' 

 is that by which they call themselves. 

 Hitdn^na, or Hitunenina, ' begging men,' 

 'beggars,' or more exactly 'spongers,' is 

 the name l)y which they are called by the 

 other Arapaho. The same idea is in- 

 tended to be conveyed by the tribal sign, 

 which has commonly been interpreted as 

 ' big bellies,' whence the name Gros Ven- 

 tres applied to them by the French Cana- 

 dians. In this way they have been by 

 some writers confused with the Hidatsa, 

 the Gros Ventres of the Missouri. See 

 Atsina. 



(4) Basawungna, ' wood-lodge people,' 

 or, possibly, ' big lodge jjeople.' These, 

 according to tradition, were formerly a 

 distinct tribe and at war with the Arap- 

 aho, but have been incorporated for at 

 least 150 years. Their dialect is said to 

 have differed considerably from the other 

 Arapaho dialects. There are still about 

 50 of this lineage among the Nortliern 

 Arapaho, and perhaps a few with the 

 other two main divisions. 



(5) Hanahawunena ('rock men' — 

 Kroeber) or AamVnhawil. These, like 

 theBiisawuncna, lived with the Northern 

 Arapaho, but are now practically extinct. 



The two main divisions. Northern and 

 Southern, are subdivided into several 

 local bands, as follows: (a) Forks of 

 the River INIen, (1)) Bad Pipes, and (c) 

 Greasy Faces, among the Northern Arap- 

 aho; (d) Wiiquithi, bad faces, (e) Aqsl- 

 thine^na, pleasant men, (f) Gawunena, 

 Blackfeet, said to be of Siksika admix- 

 ture; (g) Haqihana, wolves, (h) Siisii- 

 biiithi, looking up, or looking around, 

 i. e., watchers. 



Consult Mooney, Ghost Dance Religion, 

 in 14th Rep. B. A. E., ir, 1896; Clark, Ind. 

 Sign Language, 1885; Havden, Ethnog. 

 and Philol. Mo. Val., 1862;"^ Kroeber, The 

 Arapaho, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 xviii, 1900; Dorsey and Kroeber, Tradi- 

 tions of the Arapaho, Field Columb. Mus. 

 Pubs., Anthrop. ser., v, 1903; Dorsey, 

 Arapaho Sun Dance, ibid., rv, 1903. 



(,J. M.) 

 Aarapahoes. — Blackmore.tiuoting Whitfield (1855) 

 ill Jinir. Etliiiol. Soo. Lond., l, 315. 1S69. Ahya'to.— 

 Mooney in 14tli Rep. B. A. E., 953, 1896 (Kiowa 

 name). Anapaho. — (iarrard, Walitoyali, 119, 18-50 

 (given as Clieyeniie form i. A'nipahii. — Gatschet, 

 Kaw vocab., B. A. E., 1.S7S (Kansa name). 

 Ano's-anyotskano, — Mooney in 14th Rep. B. A.E., 

 953, 1896 (Kichai name). Arapahas. — Drake, Bk. 

 Ind.s., vi, Isis. Arapahays. — Ross, Adventures, 

 232,1849. Arapaho. — Kux ton, Adventures, 220, 

 1848. Arapahoos.— Mitchell in Ind. Aff. Rep., 69, 

 1842. Arapakata.— Mooney in 14th Rep. B. A. E., 

 953, 1896 (Crow iiaiiii\ Ircmi 'Arapaho'). Arapha- 

 hoe.— Wyeth in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, i. 219, 

 1851. Araphas. — BoUaert in Jonr. Ethnol. See. 

 Lend., n, 279, 1850. Araphoes. — Ibid. Arapohaes. — 

 Audouard, Far West, 182, 1869. Arapoho.— Hav- 

 den, Ethnog. and Philol. Mo. Val., 321, 1862. Ar- 

 apohose. — Ibid., 402 (Crow name). Arbapaoes. — 

 Orozco y Berra, Geog., 40, 1864. Arepahas, — Cass 

 (1834) ill Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, iii, 609,1853. 

 Aripahoes. — Hildreth, Dragoon Campaigns, 153, 

 l»m. Aripohoes.— Ind. Aff. Rep., app., 241, 1846. 

 Ar-rah-pa-hoo. — Lewis and Clark, Travels, 15, 1807 

 (wrongly applied by them to a body of Pawnee). 

 Arrapahas. — Ind. Ait. Rep., 594, 1837. Arrapaho. — 

 Long, Exp. Rocky Mts.,n, 192,1823. Arrapahoes.^ 

 Dougherty (1837) in H. R. Doc. 276, 25th Cong., 

 2d se.ss., 16, 1838. Arrapaoes. — Gallatin in Tran.s. 

 Am. Ethnol. Soc., n, ci.\, 1848. Arraphas. — Ara. 

 Pioneer, i, 257, 1842. Arraphoes. — Bollaert in Jour. 

 Ethnol. Soc. Lond., ll, 265, 18.50. Arrapohoes. — 

 Gumming in H. R. Ex. Doc. 65, 34th Cong., 1st 

 ■se.ss. , 13, 1856. Arrepahas.— Porter (1829) in School- 

 craft, Ind. Tribes. ni,596, 18.53. Arripahoes. — Fitz- 

 patriek in Ind. Aff. Rep., 74, 1851. Arspahas. — Ind. 

 Aff. Rep., 425, 1842. A'-ya-to.— ten Kate, Synon- 

 vmie, 10, 1884 (Kiowa name). Betidee. — Mooney 

 in 14th Rep. B. A. E., 9.53, 1896 (Kiowa Apache 

 name). Big Bead Bradbury, Travels, 124, 1817. 



