V6 



ARCHEOLOGV 



[b. a. e. 



work, Wood-work, Metal-work, Pottery, 

 Problematical Objects, Wearing. ) 



A study of the archeological remains 

 contained in the area n. of the Rio Grande 

 as a whole supplements the knowledge 

 gained by investigations among the living 

 tribes in such a way as to enable us not 

 only to prolong the vista of many tribal 

 histories but to outline, tentatively at least, 

 the native general history somewhat as 

 follows: An occupancy of the various re- 

 gions in very early times by tribes of low- 

 culture; a gradual advance in arts and in- 

 dustries, especially in favorable localities, 

 resulting in many cases in fully sedentary 

 habits, an artificial basis of subsistence, 

 and the successful practice of many arts 

 and industries, such as agriculture, archi- 

 tecture, sculpture, ixittery, weaving, and 

 metallurgy — accomplishments character- 

 izing a well-advanced stage of Vjarbarism, 

 as defined by Morgan; while in the less 

 favored regions, comprising perhaps 

 three-fourths of the area of the United 

 States and a larger proportion of the 

 British possessions, tlie more primitive 

 hunter-fisher stage mainly persisted down 

 to historic times. ( See Agriculture, Arts 

 and Industries, Fishing, Hunting. ) 



Efforts have been made to distinguish 

 definite stages of culture progress in 

 America corresponding to those estab- 

 lished in Europe, but there appears to be 

 no very close correspondence. The use 

 of stone was universal among the tribes, 

 and chipped and polished implements 

 appear to have been employed at all 

 periods and by peoples of every stage of 

 culture, although the polishing processes 

 seem to have grown relatively more im- 

 portant with advancing culture, being 

 capable of producing art works of the 

 higher grades, while fiaking processes are 

 not. Some of the more advanced tribes 

 of the S. were making marked headway 

 in the use of metals, but the culture was 

 everywhere essentially that of polished 

 stone. {See Stone-work, Metal-work.) 



The antiquity of man in America has 

 been much discussed in recent years, but 

 as yet it is not fully agreed that any great 

 antiquity is established, (leological for- 

 mations in the TTnited States, reaching 

 well back toward the close of the Glacial 

 period, possibly ten thousand years, are 

 found to include remains of man and his 

 arts; but beyond this time the traces are 

 so meager and elements of doubt so 

 numerous that conservative students hesi- 

 tate to accejjt the evidence as satisfactory. 

 (See Aiitiquitt/, Calaveras Man, Lansing 

 Man, Cares and Pock-sfielters.) 



The literature of the northern arche- 

 ology is very extensive and can not be 

 cited here save in outline. Worthy of 

 particular mention are publications by 

 (1) Government Departments. U. S. 



Interior Dept. : Reps. Survej^ of Terri- 

 tories, with papers by Bessels, Holmes, 

 Jackson; Contributions to N. Am. Eth- 

 nology, papers by Dall, Powers, Rau, 

 and others. U. S. War Dept.: Reps, of 

 Surveys, papers by Abbott, Ewl)ank, 

 Loew, Putnam, Schumacher, Yarrow, and 

 others. Education Department, Toronto, 

 Canada: Reps, of ^Minister of Education, 

 papers by Boyle, Hunter, Laidlaw. and 

 others. (2) Institutions: Smithsonian 

 Institution Annual Reports, Contribu- 

 tions to Knowledge, Miscellaneous Col- 

 lections, containing articles by Abbott, 

 Dall, Fewkes, Holmes, Jones, Lapham, 

 Rau, Squier and Davis, Whittlesey, Wil- 

 son, and others (see published list); 

 National Museum Reports, Proceedings, 

 Bulletins, containing papers by Holmes, 

 Hough, Mason, McGuire, Wilson, and 

 others (see published list); Bureau of 

 American Ethnology Reports, Bulletins, 

 containing articles by Cushing, Dall, 

 Fewkes, Fowke, Henshaw, Holmes, 

 Mindeleff, Thomas, and others (see 

 list under article Bureau of American 

 Ethnologi/); Peabody Museum Reports, 

 Memoirs, Archeol. and Ethnol. Papers, 

 containing articles by Abbott, Putnam, 

 Willoughby, Wyman, and others; Ameri- 

 can Museum of Natural History, Mem- 

 oirs, Bulletins, containing articles by 

 Hrdlicka, Smith, and others (see pub- 

 lished list); Museum of Arts and Science 

 University of Pennsylvania, Publications, 

 containing articles by Abbott, Culin, 

 Mercer, and others; Field Columbian 

 Museum, Pul)lications, containing papers 

 by Dorsey, Phillips, and others; N. Y. 

 State Museum Reports; University of 

 the State of New York, Bulletins, con- 

 containing papers by Beauchamp; Uni- 

 versity of California, Publications, con- 

 taining papers by Sinclair and others. 

 (3) Academies, Societies, and Associa- 

 tions: Academy of Natural Sciences of 

 Phila., Journal, with numerous mem- 

 oirs by Moore; American Ethnological 

 Society, Transactions, with papers by 

 Schoolcraft, Troost, and others; Daven- 

 port Academy of Science, Proceedings, 

 with papers by Farquharson, Holmes, 

 and others; American Association for 

 the Advancement of Science, Proceed- 

 ings, with numerous papers; Archaeolog- 

 ical Institute of America, Papers, con- 

 taining articles by Bandelier and others; 

 National History Society of New Bruns- 

 wick, Bulletins; International Congress of 

 Americanists; Washington Anthropolog- 

 ical Societ}'; Wyoming Historical and 

 Geological Society; Ohio Archyeological 

 and Historical Society; Canadian Insti- 

 tute; American Antiquarian Society; Bos- 

 ton Society of Natural History. (4) Peri- 

 odicals: American Geologist; American 

 Journal of Science and Art; American An- 



