BULL. 30] 



AKCHITECTURE 



77 



thropologist; American Antiquarian; The 

 Archeologist; Popular Science Monthh'; 

 Science; American Journal of Science; 

 American Naturalist; Journal of Geology. 

 (5) Separate individual publications: 

 Abbott, Primitive Industry, 1881; Allen, 

 Prehist. World, 1885; Bancroft, Native 

 Races, 1882; Brower, Memoirs of Explora- 

 tions, 1898-1903; Clark, Prehist. Remains, 

 1876; Dellenl^augh, North Americans of 

 Yesterday, 1901; Fewkes, Journal of 

 American Ethnology and Archeology, 

 i-iv, 1891-94; Foster, Prehist. Races, 1878; 

 Fowke, Archeol. Hist. Ohio, 1902; Jones, 

 (1) Monumental Remains of (ieorgia, 

 1861, (2) Anticjuities of the Southern 

 Indians, 1873; ]\IcLean, Mound Builders, 

 1879; Moorehead, (1) Prehistoric Imple- 

 ments, 1900, (2) Fort Ancient, 1890, (3) 

 Primitive Man in Ohio, 1892; Morgan, 

 League of Irocjuois, 1854, 1904; Munro, 

 Archeology and False Antiquities, 1905; 

 Nadaillac, Prehist. Am., 1884; Nordens- 

 ki(")ld. Cliff Dwellers of the INIesa Verde, 

 1893; Read and Whittlesey in Ohio Cen- 

 tennial Rep., 1877; Schoolcraft, Indian 

 Tribes, vols, i-iv, 1851-57; Short, North 

 Americans of Antiquity, 1880; Starr, First 

 Steps in Human Progress, 1895; Squier, 

 Antiquities of New York and the West, 

 1851; Terry, Sculp. Anthr. Ape Heads, 

 1891; Thruston, Antiq. of Tenn., 1897; 

 W^arden, Recherches sur les antiquites 

 de I'Amer. Sept., 1827. Wilson, Prehis- 

 toric Man, 1862; Winsor, Narrative and 

 Critical History of America, i, 1884; 

 Wright, INIan and the Glacial Period, 

 1895. For archeological bibliography of 

 Ontario, ("anada, see 9th Archeological 

 Report of Minister of Education, Ontario, 

 1897. (w. H. n.) 



Architecture. The simple constructions 

 of the tribes n. of Mexico, although al- 

 most exclusively practical in their pur- 

 pose, serve to illustrate many of the ini- 

 tial steps in the evolution of architecture; 

 they are hence worthy of careful consider- 

 ation by the student of culture history. 

 Various branches of the building arts are 

 treated separately under appropriate 

 heads (see Adobe, CUjf-difellings, Earth- 

 lodge, Fortifications, Grass-lodge, Habita- 

 tions, Kivas, Mounds, Pile-dnellings, Pue- 

 blos, Tipis), but as these topics are there 

 considered mainly in their ethnologic as- 

 pects, they will here be briefly treated as 

 products of environment and as illustra- 

 tions of the manner in which beginnings 

 are made and the higher architectural 

 forms are evolved. The kind and char- 

 acter of the buildings in a given district 

 or region depend on a number of condi- 

 tions, namely: [a) The capacity, habits, 

 and characteristics of the people; {b) the 

 cultural and especially the social status of 

 the particular peoples; (>) the influence 

 of neighboring cultures; (d) the physi- 



ography of the district occupied; (e) the 

 resources, animal, vegetal, and mineral, 

 and especially the building materials 

 available within the area; (,/') climate. 

 These in the main are the (ietermining 

 factors in tlie art development of all peo- 

 ples in all times, and may be referred to 

 somewhat at length. 



(1) In these studies it is necessary that 

 the man liimself and especially his men- 

 tal capacities and characteristics should 

 be considered as essential elements of the 

 environment, since he is not only the 

 product, as is his culture, of ]>resent and 

 past environments, but is tlie primary 

 dynamic factor in all culture develop- 

 ment. 



(2) The culture status of the people — 

 the jiarticular stage of their religious, so- 

 cial, technical, and estheticdevelopment — 

 goes far toward determining the charac- 

 ter of their buildings. The manner in 

 which social status determines the char- 

 acter of habitations is dwelt on ])v Mor- 

 gan (Cont. N. A. Ethnol., iv, 1881)^ to the 

 apparent exclusion of other criteria. 

 Within the area n. of Mexico the various 

 phases characterizing the culture of nu- 

 merous tribes and groups of tribes are 

 marked by more or less distinctive habi- 

 tations. People of the lowest social 

 grade are content with nature's cano- 

 pies — the sky, the forest, and the over- 

 hanging rocks — or construct simple 

 shelters of l)rush or bark for protec- 

 tion against sun, wind, and rain. Some 

 build lodges of skins and mats, so 

 light that they may be carried from 

 place to place as the food quest or the 

 pressure of foes requires; while others, 

 higher in the scale, construct strong 

 hiiusfs of timber or build fortress-like 

 pueblos of hewn stone or adobe. Along 

 with the succession of steps in culture 

 progress there goes progressive differen- 

 tiation of use. The less advanced tribes 

 have only the dwelling, while the more 

 cultured have, in addition, fortifications, 

 temples, civic structures, tombs, storage 

 houses, observation towers, dams, canals, 

 reservoirs, shelters for domestic animals, 

 and various constructions employed in 

 transportation. Social customs and re- 

 ligion play each a part in the results ac- 

 complished, the one acting on the habi- 

 tation and the other giving rise to a sepa- 

 rate and most important branch of the 

 building arts. 



(3) The building arts of the tribes n. 

 of Mexico have been little affected by 

 outside influence. In the N. there is 

 only a limited contact with the Siberian 

 tribes, which have little to give; and in the 

 S. nearly a thousand miles separate the 

 tribes of our s. border from the semicivil- 

 ized Indians of central Mexico. Soslowdy 

 did intertribal influence act within the 



