88 



ARKSUTITE — ARMOR 



[b. a. e. 



they numbered about 80 men in 1760-70 

 and subsisted princijjally on shellfish and 

 fruits, and in 1805 their principal town 

 was on the w. side of Colorado r. of Texas, 

 about 200 m. s. w. of Nacogdoches. They 

 had another village n. of this, between 

 the Neches and the Sabine, nearer the 

 coast than the villages of the Adai. 

 Sibley speaks of the Arkokisa as migra- 

 tory, but they could not always have been 

 entitled to that characterization. It is 

 probable that, owing to the conditions 

 incident to the intrusion of the white 

 race, the people became demoralized; 

 their tribal relations were broken up, 

 their numbers decimated by disease, and 

 the remnant of them was finally scat- 

 tered and disorganized. Of their habits 

 very little is known; their language seems 

 to have been distinct from that of their 

 neighbors, with whom they conversed by 

 signs, (a. c. f.) 



Accocesaws. — Lewis, Travels, 191, 1809. Accocke- 

 sa-ws. — Fisher, Int. Ace., 201, 1812. Accokesaus.^ 

 Braclienridge, Views of La., 81, 1814. Accoke- 

 saws.— Sibley, Hist. Sketches, 71, 1806. Aco-ke- 

 sas. — Brackeiiridge, op. eit., 87. Acossesaws. — 

 Latham in Trans. Philol. Soc. Lond., 103, 18ri6. 

 Arkokisa,— Yoakum, Hist. Tex., map, 18.5.5. En- 

 quisacoes,— Clarke in Tex. Hist. Assn. Qiiar., ix, 

 53, 1905. Horcaquisacs. — MS. of, 1770 quoted by 

 Bancroft, No. Mex. States, i, G.56, 1886. Horcon- 

 citos. — Bancroft, ibid., 643. Horcoquisa. — Tex. 

 State archives, Aug. 26, 17.56. Horcoquisaes. — Doc. 

 of 1793 in Tex. State archives. Naquizcoza. — 

 Gentl. of Elvas quf)ted by Shea, Early Voy., 149, 

 1861 (same?). Ocosaus,— Soc. Geog. Mex., Bui., 

 266, 1870. Orcoquisa,— Doe. of 1805 in Tex. State 

 archives. Orcoquisacs. — Mezieres (1778) quoted by 

 Bancroft, No. Mex. States, i, 661, 1886. Orco- 

 quizas. — Doc. of 1791 in Te.x. State archives. 

 Orquisaco. — Yoakum, Hist. Tex., i, 49, 1855. Ox- 

 quoquiras. — Robin, Vov. a la Louisiane, ill, 14, 

 1807. 



Arksutite. According to Dana (Text- 

 book ^Mineralogy, 265, 1888) a fiuorine 

 mineral whose exact nature is not yet 

 known, named from the Eskimo Arksut, 

 a fiord in Greenland where it was discov- 

 ered, (a. f. c.) 



Arlagnuk. An Iglulirmiut Eskimo vil- 

 lage near Melville pen., on Iglulik id., 

 lat. 69° 11' 3,r^— Parry, Second Vov., 

 355, 1824. 



Arliaktung. An Eskimo village of the 

 Akudnirmiut, n. of Home bay, e. Baffin 

 land. — Boas in Deutsch. Geog. Bliitt., viii, 

 34, 1885. 



Armor. Shields and bedy armor appear 

 to have been in more or less general use 

 among the Indian tribes n. of Mexico. 

 The Eskimo are said not to employ the 

 shield, but it was in use among the tribes 

 of the plains, the S. W. , and British Colum- 

 bia, and occasionally among the Iroquois 

 and other eastern Indians. The Plains 

 Indians made their shields of buffalo hide, 

 covered with buckskin or elk skin; others 

 used basketry (Pueblo) , cedar rods (Nav- 

 aho), osiers or bark (Virginia Indians, 

 Iroquois). With the exception of a sort 

 of oblong armor-shield 4 to 5 ft. long, made 



of elk hi(lel)y the Ntlakyapamuk (Teit in 

 Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Anthrop. ser., 

 1, 1900), the Indian shield is circular. The 

 decoration of the shield, the ceremonies 

 connected with its acquisition, its use in 

 ritual, etc., con.stitute important chapters 

 in the art and religion of the aborigines. 

 The shield ceremony of the Hopi and the 

 heraldry of the shield among the Kiowa 

 have respectively been specially studied 

 liy Dr J. Walter Fewkes and ]\Ir James 

 Mooney of the Bureau of American Eth- 

 nology. Helmets and head defenses are 

 found among some of the tribes of the 

 North Pacific coast, and are often orna- 

 mented with thecrestof theowner. North 

 of Mexico body armor presents at least 

 five types: Rows of overlapping plates of 

 ivory, bone, and, since contact with the 

 whites, iron (Eskimo, Chukchi) ; twined 

 wooden slats (N. W. coast, Shasta, Iro- 

 quois, Virginia Indians); twined wooden 

 rods (Aleut, N. W. coast, Columbia r. 

 tribes, Klamath, Hupa, Iroquois, Pow- 

 hatan, etc.); bands of skin arranged in 

 telescoping fashion 

 (Chukchi); coats, 

 etc. , of hardened hide 

 (Tlingit, Haida, Chi- 

 nook, Hupa, Sho- 

 shoni, Navaho, Paw- 

 nee, Mohawk, etc.). 

 The ivory plate ar- 

 mor is believed l)y 

 Boas to be an imita- 

 tion of the iron armor 

 of the Chukchi, and 

 the other plate armor 

 may also be of n. e. 

 Asiatic (Japanese) 

 origin. The presence 

 of the buffalo in the Mississippi region, 

 and of the elk, moose, etc., in other parts 

 of the country, had much to do with the 

 nature of arrnor. The data concerning 

 armor among the Indians are summarized 

 bv Hough (Primitive American Armor, 

 Rep. Nat. Mus. 1893, 625-651) . One sort 

 of defensive armor did the early English 

 adventurers in Virginia good service on 

 one occasion. At the suggestion of Mosco 

 and the friendly Indians, Capt. John 

 Smith, when fighting a tribe on the Ches- 

 apeake, made use of the " Massawomek 

 targets," or shields (Smith, Va., i. 185, 

 1819; Holmes in 13th Rep. B. A. E., 18, 

 1896) . These the English set ' ' about the 

 forepart of our Boat, like a forecastle, 

 from whence we securely beat back the 

 Salvages from off the plaine without any 

 hurt. " And so, protected by ' ' these light 

 Targets (which are made of little small 

 sticks woven betwixt strings of their 

 hempe, but so firmly that no arrow can 

 possibly pierce them ) , " the English drove 

 back the enemy. In general, it may be 

 said that the shield and lance were used 



Body Armor of wood; tlingit 



