BtTLL. 30] 



ARROWS, BOWS, AND QUIVERS 



91 



this form. A few are smooth or polished 

 at the ends, as if used for knives or scrap- 

 ers; but most of them have no marks of 

 use except occasionally such as would re- 

 sult from being shot or struck against a 

 hard substance. It is probable that their 

 purpose was to stun birds or small game, 

 in order to secure the pelt or plumage free 

 from cuts or blood stain. They are rela- 

 tively few in number, though widely dis- 

 tributed in area. The Eskimo employ 

 arrowheads of stone of usual forms. 



Consult Abbott (1) Prim. Indus., 1881, 

 (2) in Surv. \V. 100th Merid., vii, 1879; 

 Beauchamp in Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 

 no. 16, 1897, and no. 50, 1902; Fowke in 

 13th Rep. B. A. E., 1896; Moorehead, Pre- 

 hist. Impls., 1900; Morgan, League of the 

 Iroquois, 1904; Nordenskiold, Cliff Dwell- 

 ers of Mesa Verde, 1893; Rau in Smithson. 

 Cent, XXII, 1876; Wilson in Rep. Nat. 

 Mus. 1897, 1899; the Reports of the Smith- 

 sonian Inst. ; the Am. Anthropologist; the 

 Am. Antiquarian; the Archaeologist; the 

 Antiquarian, (g. f. w. h. n. ) 



Arrows, Bows, and Quivers. The bow 

 and arrow was the most useful and uni- 



TYPicAL quiver; navaho 



versal weapon and implement of the 

 chase possessed by the Indians x. of 

 Mexico for striking or piercing distant 

 objects. 



Arrows. — A complete Indian arrow is 

 madeupofsixparts:Head, shaft, foreshaft, 

 shaftment, feathering, and nock. These 

 differ in material, form, measurement, 



decoration, and assemblage, according to 

 individuals, locality, and tribe. Arrow- 

 heads have three parts: Body, tang, and 

 barbs. There are two kinds of arrow- 

 heads, the blunt and the sharp. Blunt 

 heads are for stunning, being top-shaped. 

 The Ute, Paiute, and others tied short 

 sticks crosswise on the end of the shafts 

 of boys' arrows for killing birds. Sharp 



TYPES OF ARROWHEADS 



arrowheads are of two classes, the lance- 

 olate, which can be withdrawn, and the 

 sagittate, intended for holding game or 

 for rankling in the wound. The former 

 are used on hunting, the latter on war or 

 retrieving arrows. In the S. W. a sharp- 

 ened foreshaft of hard wood serves for the 

 head. Arctic and N. W. coast arrows 

 have heads of ivory, bone, wood, or cop- 

 per, as well as of stone; elsewhere they are 

 more generally of stone, chipped or pol- 

 ished. Many of the arrowheads from 

 those two areas are either two-pronged, 

 three-pronged, or harpoon-shaped. The 

 head is attached to the shaft or foreshaft by 

 lashing with sinew, by riveting, or with 

 gum. Among the Eskimo the barbed 

 head of bone is stuck loosely into a socket 

 on the shaft, so that this will come out 

 and the head rankle in the wound. The 

 barbs of the ordinary i-hipped head are 

 usually alike on both sides, but in the 

 long examples from ivory, bone, or wood 

 the barbing is either ))ilateral or uni- 

 lateral, one-barbed or many-barbed, alike 

 on the two sides or different. In addition 

 to their use in hunting and in war, arrows 

 are commonly used in games and cere- 

 monies. Among certain Hoj)i priesthoods 

 arrowheads are tied to bandoleers as or- 

 naments, and among the Zuni they are 

 frequently attached to fetishes. 



Arrowshafts of the simplest kind are 

 reeds, canes, or stems of wood. In the 

 Arctic region they are made of driftwood 

 or are bits of bone lashed together, and 

 are rather short, owing to the scarcity of 

 material. The foreshaft is a piece of 

 ivory, bone, or heavy wood. Among the 

 Eskimo foreshafts are of bone or ivory on 

 wooden shafts; in California, of hard 

 wood on shafts of pithy or other light 

 wood; from California across the conti- 

 nent to Florida, of hard wood on cane 



