96 



ARTELNOF ARTIFICIAL HEAD DEFORMATION 



[b. a. e. 



seum of Natural Historj', the Field Colum- 

 bian Museum, the University of California, 

 and the Annual Archeological Reports of 

 Ontario. Consult also the American An- 

 thropologist; the American Antiquarian; 

 the Journal of American Folk-lore; Bal- 

 four, Evolution of Decorative Art, 1893; 

 Boas in Pop. Sci. Month., Oct., 1903; 

 Haddon, Evolution of Art, 1895; Dellen- 

 baugh, North Americans of Yesterday, 

 1901; and the various works cited under 

 the articles above referred to. (w. h. h.) 

 Artelnof. A former Aleut village and 

 Russian post on Akun id., Alaska; pop. 

 32 in 1834. 



Artaylnovskoi.— Elliott, Cond. Aff. Alaska, 2'lb, 

 187.3. Arteljnowskoje.— Holmberg, Ethnol. Skizz., 

 map, 142, 1855. Artelnovskoe. — Veniaminoff, Zap- 

 iski, n, 202, 1840. 



Arthur, Mark. A full-blood Nez Perce, 

 born in 1873. His mother l)eing captured 

 with Chief Joseph's band in 1877, Mark 

 became a w'anderer among strange tribes 

 until about 1880, when he found his way 

 back to the Nez Perce res., Idaho, where 

 he entered the mission school of Miss 

 McBeth and soon began to prepare for 

 the ministry. When the Nez Perce cap- 

 tives sent to the Indian Territory were 

 returned to their northern home, Mark 

 found his mother among them and cared 

 for her until her death. About 1900 he was 

 ordained by the Walla Walla presbytery 

 and became pastor, at La])wai, Idaho, of 

 the oldest Presbyterian church w. of the 

 Rocky mts. , in which charge he has met 

 with excellent success. In 1905 he was 

 elected delegate to represent both whites 

 and Indians at the general assembly of the 

 Presbyterian church, (a. c. f.) 



Artificial Head Deformation. Deforma- 

 tions of the human head have been 

 known since the 

 writings of He- 

 rodotus. They 

 are divisible into 

 two main classes, 

 those of patho- 

 logical and those 

 of mechanical or 

 artificial origin. 

 The latter, with 

 which this ar- 

 ticle is alone con- 

 cerned, are again 

 divisible into un- 

 intentional and intentional deformations. 

 One or the other of these varieties of 

 mechanical deformation has been found 

 among numerous primitive peoples, as the 

 ancient Avars and Krimeans, some Tur- 

 komans, Malays, Africans, etc., as well 

 as among some civilized peoples, as the 

 French and Wends, in different parts of the 

 Old World, and both varieties existed from 

 prehistoric through historic time to the 

 present among a number of Indian tribes 

 throughout the Western hemisphere. Un- 



intentional mechanical deformations of 

 the head present butoneimportant, widely 

 distributed form, that of occipital compres- 

 sion, which results from prolonged con- 

 tact of the occiput of the infant with a re- 

 sistant head support in the cradleboard. 



Chinook wo 



deforming crad 



CHINOOK CRADLE WITH WICKER HEAD-BOARD. (cATLIn) 



Intentional deformations, in all parts of 

 the world and in all periods, present 

 two important forms only. In the first of 

 these, the flat-head form, the forehead is 

 flattened by means of a board or a variety 

 of cushion, while the parietes of the head 

 undergo compensatory expansion. In 

 the second form, known as macrocepha- 

 lous, conical, Aymara, Toulousian, etc., 

 the pressure of bandages, or of a series 

 of small cushions, applied about the 

 head, passing over the frontal region 

 and under the occiput, produces a more 

 or less conical, truncated, bag-like, or 

 irregular deformity, characterized by low 

 forehead, narrow parietes, often with a 

 depression just behind the frontal bone, 

 and a protruding occiput. All of these 

 forms present numerous individual varia- 

 tions, some of which are sometimes im- 

 properly described as separate types of 

 deformation. 



Among the Indians n. of Mexico there 

 are numerous tribes in which no head 

 deformation exists and apparently has 

 never existed. Among these are included 

 many of the Athapascan and Californian 

 peoples, all of the Algonquian, Shosho- 

 nean (except the Hopi), and Eskimo 

 tribes, and most of the Indians of the 

 great plains. Unintentional occipital 

 compression is observable amon'g nearly 

 all the southwestern tribes, and it once 

 extended over most of tlie United States 



