BULL. 30] 



AKTS AND INDUSTRIES 



97 



(excepting Florida) s. of the range of the 

 tribes above mentioned. It also exists 

 in ancient skulls found in some parts of 

 the N. W. coast. 



Both forms of intentional deformation 

 are found in North America. Their geo- 

 graphical distribution is well detined and 

 limited, suggesting a comparatively late 

 introduction from more southerly peo- 

 ples. The flat-head variety existed in 

 two widely separated foci, one among the 

 Natchez and in a few other localities along 

 the northeast coast of the Gulf of Mexico, 

 and the other on the N. W. coast from s. 

 Oregon as far n. as s. Vancouver id., but 

 chiefly w. of the Cascades, along Colum- 

 bia r. The Aymara variety existed, and 

 still exists, only on and near the n. w. 

 extremity of Vancouver id. 



The motives of intentional deformation 

 among the Indians, so far as known, are 

 the same as those that lead to similar 

 practices elsewhere; the custom has be- 

 come fixed through long practice, hence 

 is considered one of propriety and duty, 

 and the result is regarded as a mark of 

 distinction and superiority. 



The effects of the various deformations 

 on brain function and growth, as well as 

 on the health of the individual, are ap- 

 parently insignificant. The tribes that 

 practise it show no indication of greater 

 mortality at any age than those among 

 which it does not exist, nor do they show 

 a larger percentage of imbeciles, or of in- 

 sane or neuropathic individuals. The 

 deformation, once acquired, persists 

 throughout life, the skull and brain com- 

 pensating for the compression by aug- 

 mented extension in directions of least 

 resistance. No hereditary effect is per- 

 ceptible. The custom of head deforma- 

 tion among the Indians, on the whole, is 

 gradually decreasing, and the indications 

 are that in a few generations it will have 

 ceased to exist. 



Consult Morton, Crania Americana, 

 1839; Gosse, Essai siir les deformations 

 artiticielles du crane, 1855; Lunier, De- 

 formations artiticielles du crane, Diet, de 

 M^dic. et de Chirurg., x, 1869; Broca, 

 Sur la deformation Toulousaine du crane, 

 1872; Lenhossek, Die kiinstlichen Schii- 

 delverlnldungen, 1881; Topinard, Elem. 

 d'anthrop. gener., 739, 1885; Brass, Bei- 

 tragez. Kenntnissd. kiinstlichen Schiidel- 

 verbildungen, 1887; Porter, Notes on 

 Artificial Deformation of Children, Rep. 

 Nat. Mus., 1889; Bancroft, Native Races, 

 I, 180, 226, et seq., 1874; Hrdlicka, Head 

 deformation among the Klamath, Am. 

 Anthrop, vii, no. 2, 360, 1905; Catlin, 

 North American Indians, i-ii, 1841. See- 

 FldtJiradx. (a. H.) 



Arts and Industries. The arts and in- 

 dustries of the North American aborig- 

 ines, including all artificial methods of 



Bull. 30—05 7 



making things or of doing work, were nu- 

 merous and diversified, since thej^ were 

 not limited in purpose to the material con- 

 ditions of life; a technic was developed to 

 gratify the esthetic sense, and art was an- 

 cillary to social and ceremonial institutions 

 and was employed in inscribing speech on 

 hide, bark, or stone, in records of tribal 

 lore, and in the service of religion. 

 Many activities too, existed, not so much 

 in the service of these for their own sake 

 as for others. After the coming of the 

 whites, arts and industries in places were 

 greatly improved, nndtiplied in number, 

 and rendered more complex by the intro- 

 duction of metallurgy, domestic animals, 

 mechanical devices, and more efficient 

 engineering. Great difliculties embarrass 

 the student in deciding whether some of 

 the early crude inventions were aboriginal 

 or introduced. 



The arts and industries of the Indians 

 were called forth and developed for utiliz- 

 ing the mineral, vegetal, and animal prod- 

 ucts of nature, and they were modified 

 by the environmental wants and re- 

 sources of every place. Gravity, buoy- 

 ancy, and elasticity were employed me- 

 chanically, and the production of fire 

 with the drill and by percussion was 

 also practised. The preservation of fire 

 and its utilization in many ways were 

 also known. Dogs were made beasts of 

 burden and of traction, but neither beast 

 nor wind nor water turned a wheel N. of 

 Mexico in pre-Columbian times. The 

 savages were just on the borders of ma- 

 chinery, having the reciprocating two- 

 hand drill, the bow and strap drills, and 

 the continuous-motion spindle. 



Industrial activities were of five kinds: 



(1) Going to nature for her bounty, the 

 primary or exploiting arts and industries; 



(2) working up materials for use, the sec- 

 ondary or intermediary arts and indus- 

 tries, called also shaping arts or manufac- 

 tures; (3) transporting or traveling de- 

 vices; (4) the mechanism of exchange; 

 (5) the using up or enjoyment of finished 

 products, the ultimate arts and industries, 

 or consumption. The products of one art 

 or industry were often the material or 

 apparatus of another, and many tools 

 could be employed in more than one; for 

 example, the flint arrowhead or blade 

 could be used for both killing and skin- 

 ning a buffalo. Some arts or industries 

 were practised by men, some by women, 

 others by both sexes. They had their 

 seasons and their etiquette, their cere- 

 monies and their tabus. 



Stone craft. — This embraces all the op- 

 erations, tools, and apparatus employed 

 in gathering and quarrying minerals and 

 working them into paints, tools, imple- 

 ments, and utensils, or into ornaments and 

 sculptures, from the rudest to such as ex- 



