BULL. 30] 



ARTS AND INDUSTRIES ASA 



99 



and sewing them with sinew and other 

 thread; working claws, horn, bone, teeth, 

 and shell into things of use, ornaments, 

 and money; and work in feathers, quills, 

 and hair. These industries went far l)e- 

 yond the daily routine and drudgery 

 connected with dress, costume, recepta- 

 cles, and apparatus of travel and trans- 

 portation. Pictographs were drawn on 

 specially prepared hides; drums and other 

 musical instruments were made of skins 

 and membranes; for gorgeous headdresses 

 and robes of ceremony the rarest and finest 

 products of animals were requisite; em- 

 broiderers everywhere most skilfully used 

 quills and feathers, and sometimes grass 

 and roots. 



Evolution of arts. — Much was gathered 

 from nature for immediate use or con- 

 sumption, but the North Americans were 

 skilful in secondary arts, becoming man- 

 ufacturers when nature did not supply 

 their demands. They built a different 

 kind of house in each environment — in 

 one place snow domes and underground 

 dwellings, in another houses of pun- 

 cheons hewn from the giant cedar, and 

 in other regions conical tents made of 

 hides of animals, pole arbors covered 

 with matting or with cane, and houses of 

 sods or grass laid on a framework of logs. 

 The invention of house furniture and uten- 

 sils, such as cooking vessels of stone, pot- 

 tery, or vegetal material, vessels of clay, 

 basketry, worked bark or hide for serv- 

 ing food, and bedding, developed the 

 tanner, the seamstress, the potter, the 

 wood-worker, the painter, the dyer^ and 

 the stonecutter. The need of clothing the 

 body also offered emj^lovment to some of 

 these and gave rise to other industries. 

 The methods of preparing food were bak- 

 ing in pits, roasting, and boiling; little in- 

 vention was necessary therein, but utensils 

 and apparatus for getting and transport- 

 ing food materials had to be devised. 

 These demands developed the canoe- 

 maker and the sled-builder, the fabricator 

 of weapons, the stone-worker, the wood- 

 worker, the carvers of bone and ivory, 

 the skilful basket-maker, the weaver, 

 the netter, and the makers of rope and 

 babiche. These arts were not finely 

 specialized; one person would be skilful 

 in several. The workshop was under 

 the open sky, and the patterns of the 

 industrial workers were carried in their 

 minds. 



The arts and industries associated with 

 the use and consumption of industrial 

 products were not specially differentiated. 

 Tools, utensils, and implements were 

 worn out in the using. There was also 

 some going about, traffic, and luxury, 

 and these developed demands for higher 

 grades of industry. The Eskimo had fur 

 suits that they would not wear in hunting; 



all the deer-chasing tribes had their gala 

 dress for festal occasions, ceremony, and 

 worship, upon which nmch time and skill 

 were expended; the southern and western 

 tribes wove marvelously tine and elegant 

 robes of hemp, goat's hair, rabbit skin 

 in strips, and skins of birds. The artisans 

 of both sexes were instinct with the es- 

 thetic impulse; in one region they were 

 devoted to quillwork, those of the next 

 area to carving wood and slate; the ones 

 living across the mountains produced 

 whole costumes adorned with beadwork; 

 the tribes of the central area erected elab- 

 orate earthworks; workers on the Pacific 

 coast made matcldess basketry; those of 

 the S. W. modeled and decorated pottery 

 in an endless variety of shapes and colored 

 designs. The Indians n. of Mexico were 

 generally well advanced in the simpler 

 handicrafts, but had nowhere attempted 

 massive stone architecture. 



Consult the Annual Reports and Bulle- 

 tins of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 

 which are replete with information re- 

 garding Indian arts and industries. See 

 also Bancroft, Native Races, i-v, 1886; 

 Boas in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xv, 

 1901; Dellenbaugh, North Americans of 

 Yesterday, 1901; Goddard, Life and Cul- 

 ture of the Hupa, 1903; Hoffman in Nat. 

 Mus. Rep. 1895, 739, 1897; Holmes (1) in 

 Smithson. Rep. 1901, 501, 1903; (2) in 

 Am. Anthrop., in, 684, 1901; Hough (1) 

 in Nat. Mus. Rep. 1888, 531, 1890; (2) 

 ibid., 1889, 395, 1891; McGuire, ibid., 

 1894, 623, 1896; Mason, (1) ibid., 1889, 

 553, 1891; (2) ibid., 1890, 411, 1891; (3) 

 ibid., 1894, 237, 1896; (4) ibid., 1897, 725, 

 1901; (5) ibid., 1902, 171, 1904; (6) in 

 Am. Anthrop., i, 45, 1899; Moore, Mc- 

 Guire, Willoughl)v, Moorehead, et al., 

 ibid., V, 27, 1903;' Niblack in Nat. Mus. 

 Rep. 1888, 1890; Powers in Cont. N. A. 

 Ethnol., Ill, 1877; Rau (1) in Smithson. 

 Rep. 1863; (2) in Smithson. Cont. Knowl., 

 XXV, 1885; Willoughby in Am. Anthrop., 

 VII, nos. 3, 4, 1905; Wilson in Nat. Mus. 

 Rep. 1897, 1899 ; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, 

 i-vi, 1851-57; also the Memoirs and Bul- 

 letins of the American Museum of Nat- 

 ural History, and the Memoirs and Papers 

 of the Peabody Museum. See also the 

 articles on the subjects of the various in- 

 dividual arts and industries and the 

 works thereunder cited, (o. t. m. ) 



Arnkhwa ( ' cow buffalo ' ) . A gens of the 

 Oto and of the Iowa. The subgentes of 

 the latter are Chedtokhanye, Chedtoyine, 

 Cheposhkeyine, Cheyinye. 

 Ah'-ro-wha.— Morgan, Anc. Soc, 156, 1877 (Oto). 

 A-ru-qwa.— Dorsev in 15th Rep. B. A. E., 210, 1897 

 (Oto). A'-ru-qwa.— Ibid., 239, (Iowa). Cow Buf- 

 falo. — Morgan, op. cit. (Oto). 



Asa ( ' tansy mustard ' ) . A phratral 

 organization of the Hopi, comprising the 

 Chakwaina (Black Earth kachina), Asa 



