120 



AWAUSEE AWLUHL 



[b. a. b. 



Bourke, op. cit., 91. A wat u i,— Gushing in -Itli 

 Rep. B. A. E., 493, isstl. A wat u ians,— Ibid., 494. 

 San Bernahdino de Ahuatobi,— Bandelier in Arch. 

 Inst. Papers, iv, 369, 1,S92 (misprint). San Bernardi- 

 no. —Fewkes in Am. Anthrop., vi, 394, 1S94. San 

 Bernardino de Aguatuvi.— Bancroft, Ariz, iind N. 

 Mex., 349, 1SS9. San Bernardino de Ahuatobi. — Ve- 

 tancurt(1693;,Teatr() Mc.x., iii,;!-Jl, ls71. S. Ber- 

 nardo de Aguatuvi. — Vargas ( 1092) qunted by Ban- 

 croft, Ariz, and N. Mex., 201, 18.H9. Talla-Hogan.— 

 MindelefT, quoted by Powell, 4th Rep. B. A. E., 

 xxxix, 1886 ('singing house': Navaho name). 

 Talla-hogandi.— Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Papers, 

 IV, 368, l.syj. Tally-hogan.— Powell, 3d Rep. B. 

 A. E., xxi, 1.S84. ToUi-Hogandi.— Bourke, Moquis 

 of Ariz., 84. 1884. Zagnato.— Brackenridge, Early 

 Span. Discov., 19, I8.'i7. Zaguate. — Prince, N. 

 Max., 34, 1883. Zaguato.— Espejo (1-583) in Hak- 

 luvt, Vov., 463, 470, 1810. Zuguato.— Hinton, 

 Handbook to Ariz., 388, 1878. 



Awausee [mvasisi, ' bullhead, ' a fish ) . A 

 Chippewa phratry or gens. According to 

 Warren a phratry including all the tish 

 gentes of the Chippewa. According to 

 Morgan and Tomazin it is a gens in it- 

 self. Cf. Ouoxsi. 



Ah-wah-sis'-sa. — Morgan, Anc. Soc, 166, 1877. 

 Ah-wa-sis-se.— Tanner, Narr., 315, 1830 ('small cat- 

 tish'; given by Tanner as a gens: headds: "some- 

 times they call the people of this totem 'those 

 who carry their young,' from the habits of the 

 small catfish"). Awassissin. — Gatschet, Ojibwa 

 MS., B. A. E.,1882. A-waus-e.— Warren in Minn. 

 Hist. Soc. Coll., V, 44, 1885. A-waus-e-wug. — 

 Ibid., 87. A-waus-is-ee.— Ramsey in Ind. Aff. Rep., 

 91, 18,50. 



Awenanish. See Ouananiche. 



Awhawhilashmu, A former Chuma- 

 shan village on the coast between Pt 

 Conception and Santa Barbara, Cal., in 

 the locality now called Punta Capitan. 

 A-wha-whi-lac'-mu.— Henshaw, Buenaventura 

 MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1884. 



Awhut. A Dieguefio rancheria in n. 

 Lower Cal. whose inhabitants spoke the 

 Hataam dialect. — Gatschet, Yuma Spr., 

 107, 1886. 



A'Hrighsagliroone. A tribe, probably 

 Algoncinian, that lived about the upper 

 great lakes and which sent a friendly 

 niessage to the Seneca in 1715. Perhaps 

 identical with the Assisagigroone, or Mis- 

 sisauga. 



Awighsaghroene. — Living.ston (1715) in N. Y. Doc. 

 Col. Hist., V, 446, 18.55. Awighsaghroone.— Ibid. 



Awigna. A former (Tabrieleno ranche- 

 ria in Los Angeles co., Cal., at a place 

 later called La Puenta. 



Awigna.— Ried (1852) quoted by Taylor in Cal. 

 Farmer, June 8, 1860. Awiz-na. — Ried quoted by 

 Hoffman in Bull. p:ssex Inst., xvii, 2, 188.5. 



Awls. The aboriginal American awl is 

 a sharpened stick, bone, stone, or piece 

 of metal, used as a perforator in sewing. 

 It was universal among Indians from the 

 earliest times, and is one of the familiar 

 archeologic objects recovered from exca- 

 vations in prehistoric sites. For tempo- 

 rary use awls were improvised from 

 splinters of flint, wood, and bone, cac- 

 tus spines, agave needles, thorns, etc. 

 Before the introduction of iron, bone was 

 the most serviceable material. Rude 

 awls, formed by grinding to a point a 

 long-bone or sliver of bone, are frequently 

 encountered in graves and on the sites of 



early habitations, and with them may be 

 found others that are elaborately finisihed 

 and decorated with carving and etching. 

 Perhaps most Indians preferred deer bone 

 as a material for awls, but bear and tur- 

 key bones and antler were also exten- 

 sively employed, those of turkey bone 

 being especially common in New Mex- 

 ico. The fibula of the deer merely 

 needed sharpening to produce the tool, 

 while the articular extremity forme<l a 

 convenient and ornamental handle. 

 Ivory from the walrus, narwhal, and fos- 

 sil elephant was valued for making awls 

 in regions where it could be procured. 

 Awls of chipped or ground stone, shell, 

 hard wood, and copper have been found 

 on ancient sites. Awls of bone or of wood 

 were not usually hafted, but stone and 

 copper awls were often mounted and per- 

 haps served also for drills ((]. v.). The 

 modern awl of iron is always hafted with 

 wood, bone, dried tendon or gristle, 

 or horn, and the hafts are often carved, 

 painted, or otherwise decorated. 



The awl was used to make perforations 

 through which thread of sinew or other 

 sewing material was passed when skins 

 for moccasins, clothing, tents, etc., were 

 sewed, and in quillwork, beadwork, and 

 basketwork. Other uses for awls were for 

 making holes for pegs in woodwork, as a 

 gauge in canoe-making, for shredding 

 sinew, for graving, etc. Various awl-like 

 implements that were used by the In- 

 dians in weaving and making pottery, as 

 pins for robes, as head-scratchers, pipe- 

 picks, blood pins for closing wounds in 

 game to save the blood, marrow-extract- 

 ors, forks, corn-huskers, etc., havesome- 

 tiines been classed as awls. The Alaskan 

 Eskimo have an awl with a small barb 

 near the end which was used like a cro- 

 chet hook. 



The awl was so indispensable in every- 

 day work that it was usually carried on 

 the person, and many kinds of sheaths 

 and cases were macle for holding it. 

 These were formed from joints of cane 

 or hollow bones, or wrought out of bone, 

 wood, metal, or leather, and were orna- 

 mented by etching, carving, or painting, 

 or with beadwork, quillwork, or other 

 decorative devices. See Drills and Drill- 

 ing, Needles. 



Consult Stephen, The Navajo Shoe- 

 maker, Proc. Nat. Mus., xi, 131, 1888; pa- 

 pers in Reps. B. A. E. by Nelson, Mur- 

 doch, Boas, Turner, Hoffman, and 

 Fewkes; and Mason, Basketry, Rep. Nat. 

 Mus., 1902. (w. H.) 



Awluhl (dHd'hl). A clan of Taos pueblo, 

 New Mexico. The meaning of the name 

 is indefinite, but it is said to bear some 

 reference to transformation from human 

 beings into animals. — Hodge, field notes, 

 B. A. E., 1899. 



