148 



BIORKA BIRD-STONES 



[b. a. e. 



They made wooden bowls, horn and bone 

 implements, and baskets. Tattooing was 

 practised to a limited extent. Descent 

 was through the female line, and there 

 was an elaborate system of kinship. The 

 charge of cannibalism was made against 

 them by one or two other tribes; this, 

 however, is prolmbly incorrect. Dor- 

 sey recorded the following clan names: 

 Itaanyadi, Ontianyadi, and Nakhotod- 

 hanyadi. See Dorsey in Proc. A. A. A. S., 

 XLir, 267, 1893; Moonev, Siouan Tribes of 

 the East, Bull. 22, B. A. E., 1894; McGee 

 in loth Rep. B. A. E., 1897, and the au- 

 thorities cited below. 



Ananis.— Dof . of 1699 in French, Hist. Coll., ii, 99, 

 187.'). Anaxis.— Margry. D6c., IV, 113, 1880. An- 

 nocchy. — Iberville (1699) in Margry, Dee., iv, 172. 

 1880. Baluxa.— Brown, West. Gazett., 133, 1817, 

 Baluxie. — Woodwanl, Remin., 2.i, 18.59. Belochy. — 

 Neill, Hist. Minn., 173, 18-58. Belocse.— Bull. Soc. 

 Me.x. Geog., 267, 1870. Beloxi. — Sen. E.x. Doe. 72, 

 20th Cong., 104, 1829. Beluxis.— Doc. of 1764 in 

 N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., vil. 641, 18.56. Beluxy.— 

 Biog. and Hist. Mem. N. \\. La., .526, 1890. 

 Bilexes. — Berciuin-Duvallon, Trav. in La., 97, 

 1806. Billoxie.— E.x. Doc. 21, 18th Cong., 2d 

 sess., .5, 1825. Billoxis. — Butel-Dumont, Loui.si- 

 ane, i, 134, 17.53. Bilocchi.— Gravier (1701) in 

 French, Hist. Coll., ii, 88, 187.5. Bilocchy.— Iber- 

 ville (1699) in Margry, D6c., iv, 172, 1880. Bil- 

 occi. — Ibid. ,473. Biloecis. — Ibid. Bilochy. — Ibid. 

 184. Bilocohi, — Coxe, Carolana, 31, 1741. Bilo- 

 cohy. — Ibid., 30. Biloui..— Berqnin-D u val 1 on , 

 Trav. in La., 91, 1806. Biloxi.— Sauvole (1700) in 

 Margrv, D(?c., iv, 451, 1880. Biloxis,— Penicaut 

 (1699) in French, Hist. Coll., n. .s., 38, 1869. Bil- 

 oxy.— Iberville (1700) in Margry, D^c, iv, 425,1880. 

 Bilusi.— Miehler in Kep. See. War, 32, 18.50. Bil- 

 uxi.— Miehler (1849) in H. R. Ex. Doc. 67, 31st 

 Cong., 1st sess., 5, 18.50. Binuxsh. — Gatschet, Caddo 

 and Yatassi MS., B. A. E., 06 (Caddo name). 

 Binu'xshi. — Ibid., 73. Blu'-kci. — Dorsev, inf'n, 

 1881 (Caddo name). B'luksi.— Gatschet, MS., 

 B. A. E., 1886 (Choctaw name). Bolixes.— Parker 

 (1854) in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, v, 702, 18.55. Bo- 

 lixies.— Schoolcraft, ibid., iv, .561, 1.S54. Boluxas, — 

 Sibley, Hist. Sketches, 80, 1806. Boluxes.— Keane 

 in Stanford, Compend., .503, 1.S78. Boluxie.— But- 

 ler and Lewis (1.846) in H. R. Doc. 76, 29th Cong., 

 2d sess., 3, 1847. Boluxies.— Bonnell, Texas, 140, 

 1840. Paluxies.— Parker (18.54) in Schoolcraft, 

 Ind. Tribes, v, 702, 1855. Paluxsies.— Parker, Un- 

 explored Texas, 221, 18.56. Poluksalgi,— Gatschet, 

 Creek MS., B. A. E. (Creek name). Poutoucsis.— 

 Berquin-Duvallon, Trav. in La., 94, 1806 (mis- 

 print). Taneksaya. — UorseyinProc. A. A. A. S., 

 xi.ii. 267, 1.S93 (own name; varients are Tanfks 

 a»!iai!i, TaiMs hwyadi, 'first people'). 



Biorka (Swed. : Bjork 6. = Birch id. ). 

 An Aleut village on Biorka id. near IJna- 

 laska, Alaska. Pop. 44 in 1831, 140 in 

 1880, 57 in 1890. 



Borka.— Petroff, 10th Census, Alaska, 20, 1884. 

 Saydankooskoi, — Elliott, Cond. Afif. Alaska, 225, 

 1875 (from Siginak, written "Sithanak" by Saner, 

 quoted by Baker, Geog. Diet. Alaska, 1901; Aleut 

 name of the island, sig. 'curled'). Sedankov- 

 skoe.— Veniaminof, Zapiski, ll, 203, 1840. Sida- 

 nak. — Holmberg, Ethnol. Skizz., map, 18.5.5. Si- 

 dankin. — Sailer quoted by Baker, Geog. Diet. 

 Alaska, 1901. Ugiu-ug. — Veniaminof quoted by 

 Baker, ibid, (own name). 



Birch River. A local name applied to 

 the Maskegon (Swampy Cree) res., near 

 lower Saskatchewan r., Saskatchewan, 

 Canada, and to the Indians gathered on 

 it. — Can. Ind. Aff., passim. 



Bird-stones. A name given to a class of 

 prehistoric stone objects of undetermined 



purpose, usually resembling or remotely 

 suggesting the form of a bird. In many 

 cases the resemblance is so slight that 

 without the aid of a series of specimens, 

 grading downward from the more real- 

 istic bird representations through succes- 

 sive simplifications, the life form would 

 not be suggested. In its simplest form 

 the body is an almost featureless bar 

 of polished stone. Again, the ends are 

 curved upward, giving a saddle shape; but 

 usually the head, tail, and eyes are differ- 

 entiated, and in 

 tlie more graphic 

 forms the tail is 

 expanded and 

 turned upward 

 to balance the 

 head. The most 

 remarkable fea- 

 ture is the pair of 

 projecting knobs, 

 often on rather 

 slender stems, 

 representing the 

 eyes, giving some- 

 what the effect of 

 a horned animal. 

 These objects are 

 most plentiful in 

 the Ohio valley 

 and around the 

 great lakes, and 

 occur sparingly in 

 the S. and to the 

 westward beyond 

 the Mississippi. 

 Although many 

 kinds of stone 

 were used in their 

 manufacture, the 

 favorite material 

 was a banded 

 slate which oc- 

 curs over a wide 

 areainthe North- 

 ern states and in 

 Canada. Thej' 

 are shaped with 

 much care, being 

 symmetrical and 

 highly polished. 

 The under side is flat or slightly concave, 

 and there are two perforations at the ex- 

 tremities of the base intended to serve in 

 attaching the figure to the surface of some 

 object, as a tablet, a pipe stem, a flute, or a 

 staff or l)aton, or to some part of the cos- 

 tume, or to the hair. There is good reason 

 to believe that these and the various re- 

 lated objects — banner stones, l^oat-stones, 

 etc.. — had kindred use.s in religious cere- 

 mony or magic (see Problematicol objects). 

 Gillman (Smithson Rep. 1873, 1874) was 

 informed by an aged Chippewa "that in 

 olden time these ornaments were worn on 

 the heads of Indian women, but only after 



Biro-shaped Stones, o, Epidote; 

 Ohio (1-3). h, Banded Slate; 



NEW YORK (1-4). C, BANDED 



Slate; Pennsylvania, fl, argil- 

 lite; Ohio (1-4). e, Banded 

 SLATE; Ontario (1-3). f, Bar- 

 like FORM; Banded Slate; Ohio 



