160 



BONFOUCA BOOKS IN INDIAN LANGUAGES 



[b. a. 



general use for implementg, utensils, 

 musical instruments, gaming articles, 

 and ornaments (Abbott, (ioddard. Pow- 

 ers, Smith), great numbers being pre- 

 served in our museums. Many of the 

 tribes of the arid region, the great divide, 

 the Mississippi valley, and the E. still 

 employ bone, horn, antler, and turtle- 

 shell to a large extent, but metal has 

 largely usurped their place, especially for 

 implements, hence finds from village sites, 

 cemeteries, and burial mounds must be 

 depended on largely for knowledge of the 

 aboriginal bone-work of these regions. 

 The ancient Pueblos inlaid some of their 

 implements and ornaments of bone with 

 bits of turquoise and other bright stones 

 (Fewkes, Pepper). Among the tribes of 

 many , sections bones of deer and the 

 larger birds were used for flutes and 

 whistles, and shells of turtles for rattles, 

 and the latter were often made also of 

 beaks of birds and hoofs and dewclaws 

 of deer and other animals, or ])y attach- 

 ing these articles to parts of the costume, 

 or to bands for the wrists and ankles. 

 Champlain illustrates a game drive in 

 which the drivers appear to be beating 

 with bones upon clavicles of some large 

 animal, and among the Plains tribes and 

 the Pueblos a sort of saw-fiddle in which 

 sometimes a scapula is drawn over a 

 notched stick, or over another scajiula, 

 for keeping time in ceremonial dances, is 

 employed. The mounds of the Missis- 

 sippi and Ohio valleys and the Southern 

 states have yielded a wide range of ob- 

 jects, both useful and ornamental. Of the 

 former class, awls, fish-hooks, pins, arrow- 

 points, cutting tools made of beaver 

 teeth, and scraping tools are the most 

 important. Of the latter class, beads, 

 pendants, gorgets, pins, Avristlets, etc., 

 are worthy of note. There are also bone 

 whistles and flutes, engraved batons, and 

 various carvings that would seem rather 

 to be totemic and symbolic than simply 

 useful or ornamental; horns of the buf- 

 falo and mountain sheep were made into 

 dippers and cups, and were also, as were 

 the antlers of deer, utilized in head- 

 dresses by-the ancient as well as by the 

 present peoples. The scapuhe of large 

 animals formed convenient hoe blades 

 and as such were probably universally 

 employed by the native agriculturists. 

 A novel use of bones is that of plating 

 them with copper, illustrated by the 

 plated jawbone of a wolf obtained by 

 Moore from a Florida mound. In the 

 wonderful collection of objects from the 

 Hopewell mound, near Chillicothe, Ohio, 

 is a human femur engraved with intri- 

 cate and finely executed symbolic figures 

 (Putnam and Willoughby). 



The literature of this topic is volumi- 

 nous, though much scattered, and is em- 



bodied mainly in reports on field re- 

 searches published by the Smithsonian 

 Institution, the National Museum, the 

 Bureau of American Ethnology, the 

 Rejjorts of the Minister of Education, 

 Ontario, the leading museums and acade- 

 mies, and in works of a more general 

 nature, such as Moorehead's Prehistoric 

 Implements and Fowke's Archseological 

 History of Ohio. (w. h. h. ) 



Bonfouca. A former Muskhogean set- 

 tlement, a short distance n. of L. Pont- 

 chartrain, La. 



Bonifoucas. — BaudrvdesLozieres, Voy. Louisiane, 

 •241, 1802. 



Bonne Esperance. A Montagnais settle- 

 ment on the islands and mainland at the 

 mouth of Esquimaux r., on the s. coast of 

 Labrador. Some Nascapee are probably 

 there also.— Stearns, Labrador, 264, 293, 

 1884. 



Bonostac. Mentioned as a Pima settle- 

 ment on the ui)perRio Santa Cruz, below 

 Tucson, Ariz., in 1764; but from the loca- 

 tion it would seem more likely that it was 

 a Papago rancheria. 



Bonostac. — Orozco y Berra, Geog., 347, 1864. 

 Bonostao. — Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Papers, iv, 

 472, 1892. 



Booadasha ( ' fish-catchers ' ) . A band of 

 the Cro\\s. 

 Boo-a-da'-sha. — Morgan, Anc. Soc, 1.59, 1877. 



Booctolooee. A former Choctaw village 

 pertaining to the "Sixtowns," situated 

 on Boguetulukusi cr., a w. affluent of 

 Chicasawhay r., probably in Jasper co., 

 Miss. — AV. Fla. map, ai. 1775. 



Books in Indian languages. In addi- 

 tion to dictionaries, versions of the Bible 

 and the Prayer Book, whole and in part, 

 Bible stories complete and summarized, 

 catechisms, and cognate works, the litera- 

 ture translated into Indian languages 

 embraces some interesting volumes. In 

 Greenlandic Eskimo there is an abridged 

 version of Stoud-Platon's Geography, bv 

 E. A. Wandall (1848); a translation of 

 Thomas d Kempis' Imitation of Christ, 

 by Paul Egede (1787, revised 1824); a 

 History of the World, by C. E. Janssen 

 (1861), and another by S. P. Klein- 

 schmidt (1859). Peter Kragh's transla- 

 tions of Ingemann's Voices in the Wilder- 

 ness, and The High Game, Krumma- 

 cher's Parables and Feast Book, the Life 

 of Hans Egede, and other books circu- 

 lated in manuscript. In the Labrador 

 dialect a geography, by A. F. Eisner, was 

 published in 1880. Under the title il/fl//jDH/« 

 ekta oicimani ya, 'Sky to traveling he 

 went,' Rev. S. R. Riggs pulilished in 1857 a 

 translation of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress 

 into the Dakota language of the Siouan 

 stock. This same l)ook was translated 

 into Cree by Archbishop Vincent (1886), 

 and into Chevenne by Rev. R. Petter 

 ( 1904 ) . In 1879 Rev. D. W. Hemans pul)- 

 lished a Santee version of Rev. R. New- 



