188 



CALAVERAS MAN CALCIATI 



[b. a. e. 



map, 1821. Callahpoewah,— Kelley, Oregon, OS, 

 1830. Cal-lah-po-e-wah.— LfwisandClark, Exped., 

 I, map, 1814. Callapipas. — McKeniify ami Hall, 

 Ind. Tribes, iir, 80, 1,8;')!. Callapooahs. — Parker, 

 Journal, 2H9, 1840. Callapoohas.— Robertson (1846) 

 in H. K. E.x. Doc. 7(i. 30th Cong., 1st sess., 8, 1848. 

 Callapooiales, — Howison in H. R. Misc. Doc. 29, 

 30th Cong., l.st sess., 2(), 1848. Callapooias. —Tay- 

 lor in Sen. Ex. Doc. 4, 40th Cong., spec, sess., 25, 

 1867. Callapootos, — Kingslev, Stand. Nat. Hist., 

 VI, 141, 1883. Callapooya. — Hres. Mess., Ex. Doc. 

 39, 32d Cong., 1st sess., J, \><fy2. Callapooyahs.— 

 Hale in U. S. Expl. Exped., vi, 217, ISIO. Calla 

 puyas. — Wilkes, ibid., iv, 3ti8, 184."i. Callapuyes. — 

 Medill in H. R. Ex. Doe. 76, 30th Cong., 1st sess., 

 6, 1848. Call-law-poh-yea-as,— Ross, Fur Hunters, 

 108, 18.i5. Cathlapooya.— Drake, Bk. Inds., vi, 

 1848. Cathlapouyeas. — Stuart in Xouv. Ann. Voy., 

 X, 117, 1821. Col-lap-poh-yea-ass,— Ross, Adven- 

 tures, 23.^, 1847. Kait-ka.— Bissell, Umpkwa MS. 

 vocab., B. A. E., 1881 (Umpkwa name). Kala- 

 pooiah, — Scouler in ,Ioiir. Geog. Soc. Lond., xi, 

 225, 1841. Kalapooya.— Tolmieand Dawson, Comp. 

 Vocab., 11, 18S4. Kalapooyahs,— Townsend, Narr., 

 175, 1839. Kalapouyas.— De Smet, Letters, 230, 

 1843. Kalapuaya.— Ind. Aff. Rep., 232, 1883. 

 Kalapuya,— Hale in U. S. Expl. Exped., vi, 217, 

 1846. Kallapooeas,— Meek in H. R. Ex. Doc. 76, 

 30th Cong., 1st sess., 10, 1848. Kallapooyah.— 

 Slocum (1835) in H. R. Rep. 101, 25th Cong., 3d 

 sess., 42, 1839. Kallapugas, — Farnham, Travels, 

 112, 1843. Kallapuia.— (libbs in Cont. N.A.EthnoL, 

 I, 212, 1877. Kallapuiah.— Lndewig, Am. Aborig. 

 Lang., 202, 18.'i8. Tsanh-alokual amim. — Gatschet, 

 Lakmiut MS., B. A. E., 1877 (Lakmiut name). 

 Vule Pugas.— Warre and Vava.sour in Martin, 

 Hudson Bay Terr., 80, 1819. 



Calaveras Man. During the early days 

 of gold mining in California many relics 

 of man and his implements and utensils 

 .were found embedded in the anc-ient river 

 gravels from which the gold was washed. 

 These remains were 

 especially plentiful 

 in Calaveras co., 

 whence the name 

 "Calaveras man," 

 here employed. The 

 gold-bearing gravels 

 are largely of Tertiary 

 age, although the 

 conditions have been 

 such that in places frontal view of the fr*gmen- 

 accumulations uni- tary calaveras skull 

 form in character with the older deposits 

 have continued to the present time. Ow- 

 ing to this fact expert geologic discrim- 

 ination is necessary in considering ques- 

 tions of age. The evidences of great 

 antiquity, in many cases apparently al- 

 most conclusive, were accepted as satis- 

 factory by J. D. Whitney, formerly state 

 geologist of California; but the lack of 

 expert observation or of actual record of 

 the various finds reported makes extreme 

 caution advisable, especially since the 

 acceptance of the evidence necessitates 

 conclusions widely at variance with the 

 usual conception of the history of man, 

 not only in America but throughout the 

 world. The need of conservatism in 

 dealing with this evidence is further em- 

 phasized by the fact that the human 

 crania of the auriferous gravels are 

 practically identical with the crania 

 of the present California Indians, and 



it is also observed that the artifacts — 

 the mortars and pestles, the implements 

 and ornaments — found in the same con- 

 nection correspond closely with those of 

 the historic inhabitants of the Pacific 

 slope. It is held by many students of 

 human history that man already existed 

 in some parts of the world in the late 

 Tertiary — a i)eriod l)elieved by conserva- 

 tive geologists to have closed hundreds 

 of thousands of years ago. But few are 

 ready to accept the conclusion, made 

 necessary if the California testimony is 

 fully sustained, thatman had then reached 

 the stage of culture characterized by the 

 use of implements and ornaments of 

 polished stone. In view of the somewhat 

 defective nature of the testimony fur- 

 nished, as well as the vast importance of 

 the deductions depending on it, it is per- 

 haps wise to suspend judgment until 

 more systematic investigations can be 

 made. The "Calaveras skull," which 

 has had exceptional prominence in the 

 discussion of this subject, is preserved in 

 the Peabody Museum of Archadogy and 

 Ethnology, at Cambridge, Mass. Not- 

 withstanding the well-fortified statements 

 of early writers to the effect that this 

 relic came from the gravels of Bald mtn. 

 at a depth of about 130 feet, there are 

 good reasons for suspecting that it may 

 have been derived from one of the lime- 

 stone caves so numerous in the Calaveras 

 region. It thus appears that the impor- 

 tance of this specimen, as a feature of the 

 evidence, has probably been greatly over- 

 estimated. 



For details relating to the auriferous- 

 gravel testimony consult Becker in Bull. 

 Geol. Soc. Am., ii, 1891; Blake in Jour. 

 of Geol., Oct. -Nov., 1899; Dall in Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899; Foster, Pre- 

 hist. Races, 1878; Hanks, Deep Lying 

 Gravels of Table Mtn., 1901; Holmes in 

 Smithson. Rep. 1899, 1901 ; Lindgren and 

 Knowlton in Jour, of Geol., iv, 1896; 

 Putnam in University of Cal. Publ., 

 Dept. of Anthrop., 1905; Skertchley in 

 Jour. Anthrop. Inst., May, 1888; Whit- 

 ney in Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard, 

 VI, no. 1, 1879; Wright, Man and the 

 Glacial Period, 1895. See Antiquity, Arclt- 

 eology. (w. h. h. ) 



Caicefar. A division of the New Jersey 

 Delawares formerly living in the interior 

 V)etween Rancocas cr. and the present 

 Trenton. In 1648 they were estimated at 

 150 men. 



Calafars.— Sanford, U. S., 1819. Caicefar.— Evelin 

 (1648) (pioted by Proud, Penn., i, 113, 1797. 



Calchufines. A band of Jicarilla Apache 

 living in 1719 on Arkansas r., in the pres- 

 ent s. E. Colorado. — Villa-Sefior y San- 

 chez, Theatro Am., pt. 2, 412, 1748. 

 Apaches Calchufines.— Valverde v Costo (1719) 

 (pioted by Bancroft, Ariz, and N. Mex., 236, 1889. 



Calciati. A pueblo of the province of 



