BULL. 30] 



CANOA CANONICUS 



201 



Athapascan tribes, the Thngit, Heiltsuk, 

 Kwakiutl, Tsimshian, Nootka, Siksika, 

 some of the Californian tribes, and the 

 Ute. There is also a tradition of the 

 practice among the Hopi, and allusions 

 to the custom among other tribes of Ari- 

 zona and New ^Iexi(;o. The ^Mohawk, 

 and the Attacapa, Tonkawa, and other 

 Texas bribes were known to their neigh- 

 bors as ' ' man-eaters. ' ' 



Taking all the evidence into considera- 

 tion, it a^jpears that cannibalism n. of the 

 Mexican boundary existed in two chief 

 forms. One of these was accidental, from 

 necessity as a result of famine, and has 

 been witnessed among the Huron, Mic- 

 mac,Chippewa,Etchareottine, and others. 

 In most of such instances recourse was had 

 to the bodies of those who had recently 

 died, but cases are recorded in which in- 

 dividuals were killed to satisfy hunger. 

 The second and prevalent form of canni- 

 balism was a part of Avar custom and was 

 based principally on the belief that Ijrav- 

 ery and other desirable qualities of an 

 enemy would pass, through actual inges- 

 tion of a part of his body, into that of the 

 consumer. Such qualities were supposed 

 to have their special seat in the heart, 

 hence this organ was chiefiy sought, 

 though blood, brain, marrow, and fifesh 

 were in many instances also swallowed. 

 The parts were eaten either raw or cooked. 

 The heart belonged usually to the war- 

 riors, but other parts were occasionally 

 consumed l)y boys or even by women and 

 children. In some cases a small portion 

 of the heart or of some other part of an 

 enemy might be eaten in order to free the 

 eater from some tabu (Grinnell). The 

 idea of eating any other human being 

 than a brave enemy was to most Indians 

 repulsive. One of the means of torture 

 among the Indians of Canada and New 

 York was the forcing of a prisoner to 

 swallow pieces of his own flesh. 



Among the Iroquois, according to one 

 of the Jesuit fathers, the eating of cap- 

 tives was considered a religious duty. 

 Among the Heiltsuk, and recently among 

 the Tsimshian and Kwakiutl, cannibalism 

 formed a jiart of one of their ceremonies. 

 Several instances are recorded in which 

 cannibalism was indulged in by individ- 

 uals while in a frenzied state. Finally, 

 it seems that among a few tribes, as the 

 Tonkawa, Iroquois, and others, man- 

 eating, though still with captives as the 

 victims, was practised on a larger scale, 

 and Avith the acquired taste for human 

 flesh as one, if not the chief, incentive; 

 yet the Tonkawa, as well as some men 

 long associated with them, declared that 

 the eating of human flesh by them Avas 

 only ceremonial. 



Indian mythology and beliefs are re- 

 plete with references to man-eating giants, 



monsters, and deities, which point to the 

 possibilit}^ that anthropophagy in some 

 form Avas a practice Avith Avhich the abo- 

 rigines have long been acquainted. 



Consult Bancroft, Native Races; Boas 

 (1) in Jour. Am. Folk-lore, i, 58, 1888, (2) 

 Rep. Nat. Mus., 1895; Gatschet, Karanka- 

 Avalnds., 1891; Jesuit Relations, TliAvaites 

 ed.; Kohl, Kitchigami, 355, 1860; Letour- 

 neau in Bull. Soc. d' Antiirop. de Paris, x, 

 777, 1887, and xi, 27, 72, 123, 1888; Meg- 

 apolensis (1644), Sketch of the Mohawk 

 Inds., 1857; Mooney, Our Last Cannibal 

 Tribe, 1901; Penicaut (1712) in Margry, 

 Decouvertes, v. 504, 1883; Schaafhausen, 

 Anthrop. Stud., 515, 1885; Somers in 

 Pop. Sci. Mo., XLii, 203, 1892; Wyman 

 (1) Human Remains in the Shell Heaps 

 of St Johns r., (2) Fresh-water Shell 

 Mounds, 1875. (a. h.) 



Canoa (Span.; here doubtless referring 

 to a trough or flume in which an irriga- 

 tion ditch is conducted over broken 

 ground). A former Papago rancheria 

 between Tubac and San XaA'ier del Bac, 

 on Rio Santa Cruz, s. Ariz. — Garces 

 (1775), Diary, 63, 74,1900. 

 La Canoa. — Aiiza (juoted bv Bancroft, Ariz, and 

 X. Mux., 392, 1SS9. 



Canoas, Pueblo de las (Span.: 'village of 

 the canoes'). A former Indian settle- 

 ment on the California coast, about lat. 

 34° 27^, in what is Avithin theChumashan 

 area. Its situation is regarded as having 

 been at or near the present Ventura. See 

 Heylyn, Cosmography, 969, 1703. 



Canocan. A pueblo of the province of 

 Atripuy in the region of tlie loAver Rio 

 Grande, N. Mex., in 1598.— Onate (1598) 

 in Doc. Ined., xvi, 115, 1871. 



Canoe Creek. A Shuswap village and 

 band near upper Fraser r., Brit. Col., 

 about 300 m. from its mouth; pop. 157 in 

 1902.— Can. Ind. Aff., 271, 1902. 



Canoe Lake Indians. The local name 

 for a body of ShusAvap of Kamloops- 

 Okanagan agency, Brit. Col.; pop. 129 in 

 1902, including the Chuckchuqualk, q,v. — 

 Can. Ind. Aff. for 1879, 309. 



Canoes. See Boats. 



CaSogacola ( 'people' ) . An unidentified 

 ancient tribe of n. av. Florida, mentioned 

 by Fontaneda about 1575. 

 Canegacola.— Ternaux-Compans, Toy., xx, 24, 

 1S41. Canogacola. — Fontaneda (Crt. 1575), Mem., 

 Smith trans., 20, 1854. Canogacole. — Fontaneda 

 in Doc. Int'd., v, 540, 1866. 



Canonchet. See Nanuntenoo. 



Canonicus. A chief of the Narraganset, 

 Avho died in 1647, aged perhaps 80 years. 

 Although in 1622 he sent to the people of 

 Plymouth the customary Indian challenge 

 toVar, he early sought the friendship of 

 the English. It was into the country of 

 Canonicus that Roger Williams Avent, and 

 from him he received the title to the land 

 he afterAvard held. Canonicus Avas at Avar 

 against the Wampanoag until in 1635, 



