BULL. 30] 



CAUQHNAWAGA CAVES AND ROCK SHELTERS 



221 



Eachanuge. — Livingston (1700), ibid., G95. Kach- 

 nauage, — Schuyler (1700), ibid., 747. Kach- 

 nuage. — Livingston (1700), ibid., 696. Eagna- 

 wage. — Freerman (1704), ibid., 1163. Ka'hnra- 

 wage lunuak. — (_;atscliet, Penobscot MS., B. A. 

 E., 1SS7 ( Penobscot name). Kahnuages. — Doug- 

 lass, Sunini., I, 186, 17.i.'i. Kanatakwenke. — Cnoq, 

 Lex., 163, 1882. Kanawarka. — King, Arct, Ocean, i, 

 9,1836. Kannaogau.— Bleeker (1701) in X. Y. Doc. 

 Col. Hist., IV, 920, 18.^4. Kannawagogh. — Mercer 

 (17.59) quoted by Kautt'man, \V. Penn., 129, 18.51. 

 Eanunge-ono, — Gatschet. Seneca MS., B. A. E., 

 1882 (Seneca name). Kaughnawaugas. — Picker- 

 ing (1794) in Am. St. Pap., iv, 546, 1832. Konuaga. — 

 C'olden (1724) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., v, 732, 18.55. 

 Osault St Louis.— Stoddert (17.50), ibid., vi, 582, 

 1855 ( for au Sault St Louis, 'at St Louis fall ' ). St 

 Francois Xavier du Sault, — Shea, Cath. Miss., 304, 

 18.55. Saint Peter's.— Ibid., 270. Sault Indians.— 

 Doc. of 1695 in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., ix, 629, 185.5. 

 Saut Indians. — Doc. of 1698, ibid., 686. 



Caughnawaga. The ancient capital of 

 the Mohawk tribe, situated in 1667 on 

 Mohawk r., near the present site of 

 Auriesville, N. Y. The Jesuits main- 

 tained there for a time the mission of St 

 Pierre. The town was destroyed by the 

 French in 1693. 



Asserue. — Megapolensis (1644) quoted by Park- 

 man, Jes., 222, note, 1883. Cachanuage. — Liv- 

 ingston (1691) in N. Y'. Doc. Col. Hist., iii, 782, 18.53. 

 Cachenuage.— Hansen (1700\ ibid., iv, 803, 18.54. 

 Cachnawage. — Doc. of 1709, ibid., v, 85, 18.55. 

 Cachnewagas,— Bouquet (1764) quoted by Kauff- 

 man, W. Penn., 165, 1851. Cachnewago, — Bouquet, 

 ibid. Cachnuagas. — Pownall (17-54) in N. Y'. Doc. 

 Col. Hi.st., VI, 896, 1855. Cacknawages. — Clinton 

 (1745), ibid., 276. Cacnawagees. — Fo.\ (17.56), ibid., 

 VII, 77, 1856. Caghnawagah.— Butler (17.50), ibid., 

 VI, 591, 1855. Caghnawagos.— Croghan (1756) 

 quoted by Kauffman, W. Penn, 116, 1851. Cagh- 

 nenewaga. — Morse quoted by Barton, New Views, 

 app., 8, 179.^. Caghnewagos, — Thompson quoted 

 bv .Tefferson. Notes, 282, 1825. Caghnuage. — 

 Bleeker (1701) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., iv, 895, 1854. 

 Cagnawaga. — De Lancey (1754), ibid., vi, 909, 1855. 

 Canoomakers. — Dutch map (1616), ibid., I, 1856 

 (m = w). Ga-'hna-wa''-ge.— Hewitt, inf'n, 1886 

 (Mohawk form). Gandaoiiague. — Je.s. Rel. for 

 1670, 23, 1858. Gandaouaque. — Bacqueville de la 

 Potherie, Hist, de I'Am. Sept., i, 3.53, 17.53. 

 Gandaougue.— Ruttenber, Tribes Hudson R., 97, 

 1872. Gandawague.— Shea, Cath. :Miss., 216, 18.55. 

 Ganeganaga, — Morgan (1851 i (juoted by Parkman, 

 Jesuits, 222, note, 1SS3. Gannaouague, — De I'lsle 

 (171S) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hi.st., iii, 250, 18.53. 

 Ga-no-wau-ga. — Morgan, League Iroq., 419, 18.55. 

 Kaghenewage. — Conf. of 1674 in N. Y. Doe. -Col. 

 Hist., 11, 712, 18.58. Kaghnawage.— Burnet (1726)| 

 ibid., V, 813, 18.55. Kaghnewage.— Ruttenber' 

 Tribes Hudson R.. 283, 1872 (Dutch form)| 

 Kaghnu-wage.- N. Y'. Doc. Col. Hist., in, 250,1853. 

 Lower Mohawk castle. — Ruttenber, Tribes Hud- 

 .son R., 97, 1872. Onengioure. — Ruttenber, Tribes 

 Hudson R., 283, 1872. OneugiSre.— .Tes. Rel. for 

 1646, 15, 18.58. Onewyiure.— Shea, Cath. Miss., 215, 

 18.55. Ossernenon, — .logues (1643) in N. Y. Doc. 

 Col. Hist., XIII, 580, 1881 (misprint). Osserrion. — 

 Jes. Rel. for 1646, 15, 1858. Osseruenon,— Park- 

 man, Jesuits, 222, note, 1883. 



Causae. A former rancheria of the 

 Sobaipuri, on the Rio San Peilro, s. Ariz., 

 visited bv Father Kino about 1697. — Doc. 

 Hist. Mex., 4th s., i, 279, 1856. 



Cavate dwellings. See Clifi'-direllings. 



Caves and Reek shelters. The native 

 tribes x. of Mexico have been cave- 

 dwellers to a less extent, apparently, than 

 were the primitive peoples of Europe, 

 and there is no period in American pre- 

 history which can be referred to as a 

 "Cave period." Vast areas of limestone 



rocks of varying age occur in the middle 

 E. sections of the United States, in which 

 there are countless caves, the great 

 caverns of Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, 

 and Missouri being well-known examples; 

 and caves also occur in many parts of the 

 far W., especially in Arizona and Cali- 

 fornia. It is observed that in general 

 these caverns have existed for a long 

 period, extending back well beyond the 

 time when man is assumed to have ap- 

 peared on the continent. Few of the 

 caverns have been explored, save in a 

 most superficial manner, and as a rule 

 where serious work has been undertaken 

 the tinds have been such as to discourage 

 investigation by archeologists — not that 

 meager traces of man are encountered, 

 but because the os.seous remains and 

 works of art found represent the Indian 

 tribes merely. The substrata of the cav- 

 ern floors, which would naturally con- 

 tain traces of very early occupants, are 

 apparently barren of human remains, a 

 condition that is difficult to un<lerstand 

 if, as some suppose, the continent was 

 occupied by man throughout all post- 

 Tertiary time. Human remains occur 

 along with the fossil fauna of the present 

 period, but are not with certainty asso- 

 ciated as original deposits with the older 

 forms. Very considerable age is indi- 

 cated, however, by the condition of the 

 human bones, some of which, found in 

 California caves, seem to be completely 

 fossilized, the animal matter having dis- 

 appeared, while in Arkansas and else- 

 where the bones are deeply embedded in 

 deposits of stalagmite. The length of 

 time required for fossilization is not well 

 known, however, and calcareous accu- 

 mulations may l)e slow or rapid, so that 

 these phenomena have no very definite 

 value in determining age. 



The American caves were occupied by 

 the aborigines for a number of purposes, 

 including bur- 

 ial, ceremony, 

 and refuge. In 

 a few cases 

 chert, outcrop- 

 p i n g in the 

 walls, w a s 

 quarried for 

 the manufac- 

 ture of imi^le- 

 ments. Gener- 

 ally only the outer and more accessible 

 chambers of deep caverns were occupied 

 as dwelling places, and in these evidence 

 of occupancy is often abundant. The 

 floors are covered with deposits of ashes, 

 in W'hich are embedded various imple- 

 ments and utensils and the refuse of feast- 

 ing, very much as with ordinary dwelling 

 sites. The deeper chambers were some- 

 times used as temporary retreats in time 



SECTION OF CAVERN 



