226 



CEMENTS C EREMONY 



[b. a. b. 



primary purpose was probablj' that of a 

 hatchet, but in one shape or another they 

 served as adzes, chisels, scrapers, skin- 

 ning knives, meat cutters, and weapons. 

 Many have the surface roughened by 

 pecking at the top, which was inserted in 

 a cavity cut in a wooden club and secured 

 with gum or glue; in others, this rough- 

 ening was around the middle, to give a 

 firmer grip to a withe handle; still others, 

 wrapped perhaps in a piece of buckskin 

 or some such substance to prevent slip- 

 ping, were held in the hand. Some speci- 

 mens were set in the end of a short piece 

 of bone or antler, which, in turn, acting 

 as a buffer, was attached to a handle of 

 wood in the fashion of a hatchet, an adz, 

 or a plane. The smallest specimens, es- 

 pecially those made of hematite, which 

 usually have the scraper-form edge, were 

 similarly set in the end of a longer piece 

 of bone or antler, and used as knives or 

 scrapers. Celts, in their various patterns, 

 were among the most important imple- 

 ments known to primitive man. 



Celts made of flint, jasper, and other 

 brittle stone are shaped mainly by flak- 

 ing. In most, the edge is more or less 

 sharpened by grinding, and sometimes the 

 entire implement is partially smoothed 

 in the same way. They are common 

 along the Atlantic coast, where argillite 

 and rhyolite are easily procured; and the 

 same is true of the Kanawha valley, 

 where the black flint outcrops so abun- 

 dantly. Along the Mississippi r. , in Ar- 

 kansas and Mississippi, are found numer- 

 ous specimens which have been chipped 

 from yellow jasper and then ground until 

 the angles formed by the facets are nearly 

 obliterated and the lower part of the 

 blade attains a high degree of polish. 

 These are mostly small, and approach 

 more closely the European celts with 

 rectangular section than any others found 

 in America. They are sometimes classed 

 with chisels. ■ See Adzes, Axes, Chisels, 

 Copper, Hatchets, Sfone-vork, TomaJunrks. 



Celts are described or briefly referred 

 to and illustrated in numerous works on 

 archeologic subjects. Among these are 

 Abbott, Prim. Indus., 1881; Fowke (1) 

 Arch«?ol. Hist. Ohio, 1902, (2) in 13th 

 Rep. B. A. E., 1896; Holmes in 15th Rep. 

 B. A. E., 1897; Jones, Antiq. So. Inds., 

 1873; Moore, various memoirs in Jour. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894-1905; Moore- 

 head, Prehist. Impls. , 1900; Ran in Smith- 

 son. Cont., XXII, 1876; Thruston, Antiq. 

 Tenn., 1897. (g. f. w. h. h.) 



Cements. — The Indians used cements of 

 animal, vegetal, and mineral origin, and 

 sometimes combined two of these or added 

 mineral substances for coloring. Animal 

 cement was obtained by the Yokuts of 

 California by boiling the joints of various 

 animals and combining the product with 



pitch (Powers, Tribes of Cal., 373, 1877). 

 The Hupa boiled the gland of the lower 

 jaw and nose of the sturgeon and dried 

 the products in balls (Ray in Smithson. 

 Rep. , 229, 1886 ) . Capt. John Smith states 

 that with sinew of deer and the tops 

 of deer horns boiled to a jelly the Vir- 

 ginia Indians made glue that would 

 not dissolve in cold water. The Plains 

 tril)es boiled the skin of the head of ani- 

 mals until it was softened into glue, 

 which they dried in masses on sticks. 

 Such glue-sticks formed a part of the 

 equipment of the bow-and-arrow maker, 

 and the horn arrow-straighteners of the 

 S. W. tribes are often filled with resin. 

 Sometimes one end of the hearth of the 

 fire-drill bears a mass of resin, as a con- 

 venient way to carry this substance, which 

 may readily be melted at the fire and 

 applied to various uses. Wax and albu- 

 men from eggs had a limited use, and the 

 Eskimo used blood mixed with soot. 

 The chief use of animal cement was in the 

 manufacture of bows and arrows, and, 

 among the Plains tribes, in joining the 

 stems of certain kinds of jiipes. The 

 only mineral cement known to the tribes 

 was bitumen, which was used by the In- 

 dians of s. Arizona and California. Veg- 

 etal cements were numerous, and chief 

 among these was the exudation from con- 

 iferous trees, emj^loyed by northern tribes 

 for pitching the seams of l)ark canoes, 

 baskets, etc.; by S. W. tribes for render- 

 ing basketry, water vessels, and the like 

 water tight; by the Hopi for varnishing 

 pottery, and by many tribes for mending, 

 joining, inlaying, etc. The tribes of the 

 S. W. made a strong cement of the gum 

 resin of the mesquite and the gum of the 

 greasewood, which was used to set the 

 heads of arrows and for many other pur- 

 poses. The Pima made a strong cement 

 from a gum of parasitic origin on the 

 Corilkd tridentata. The Indians of Men- 

 docino CO., Cal., made a glue from the 

 bulb of the soap plant ( Chlorogalum x>om- 

 eridianum) for fastening feathers on ar- 

 rows, (w. H.) 



Cenyowpreskel. A former village of 

 either the Diegueiios or Luisenos in the 

 neighborhood of San LuisRey mission, s. 

 Cal.— Taylor in Cal. Farmer, May 11, 1860. 



Cepowig. A village in 1608, perhaps be- 

 longing to the Conestoga, located by Guss 

 in or near York co., Pa. — Smith (1629), 

 Va., I, map, 1819. 



Ceremonials. See Problematical objects. 



Ceremony. A ceremony is the perform- 

 ance in a prescribed order of a series of 

 formal acts often constituting a drama 

 which has an ultimate object. Ceremo- 

 nies spring from many diverse tenden- 

 cies, which are the expression of some 

 phase of religious emotion. Many fea- 

 tures of the culture of the North American 



