BULL. 30] 



CH ALCEDON Y CH ALUMU 



283 



Tcha lawai.— Gatschet, Atfalali MS., B. A. E., 



1877. 



Chalcedony. Under this head may be 

 grouped a number of varieties of siUca 

 (see Quartz), inckiding flint, chert, horn- 

 stone, jasper, agate, novacuhte in part, 

 onyx, carnelian, etc., most of which were 

 used by the aborigines in the manufac- 

 ture of flaked implements. The distinc- 

 tions between these rocks have not been 

 sharply drawn l)y mineralogists, and the 

 archeologist must be content with group- 

 ing them according to their resemblance 

 to recognized types. The term flint has 

 come into somewhat general use among 

 archeologists for the whole group, but 

 this is not sanctioned by mineralogists. 

 Chalcedony is a translucent and variously 

 tinted indistinctly crystalline variety of 

 silica. It is formed by infiltration in 

 cavities in the older rocks, as a secondary 

 product during decomposition of many 

 rocks, and as accumulations of the sili- 

 ceous residue from various organisms. 

 It occurs as nodules distributed through 

 sedimentary strata, as in the middle 

 Mississippi valley; as thin, more or less 

 interrupted layers, as in Wyandot cave, 

 Indiana, and at ^lillcreek, 111. ; or as 

 massive strata, as in Flint ridge, Ohio, 

 and on the Peoria res., Ind. Ter. Flint 

 (true flint), q. v., is formed as nodular 

 segregations in chalky limestone, and is 

 composed mainly of nearly amorphous 

 silica and partially dissolved radiolaria 

 and spicules of sponges. The colors are 

 dark gray and brownish to nearly black, 

 and somewhat translucent on thin edges. 

 It occurs extensively in England, France, 

 and N. w. Europe, and has recently been 

 found in Arkansas and Texas, where it 

 was used by the aborigines in making 

 implements. Chert, as commonly recog- 

 nized, differs from true flint in being 

 lighter in color, as a rule, although vari- 

 ously tinted and less translucent. It oc- 

 curs in the limestones of a wide range of 

 geological formations. The best-known 

 deposits utilized by the Indians are on 

 the Peoria res., near Seneca, Mo., and at 

 Millcreek, 111. Hornstoiie is the term 

 usually applied to varieties of chalcedony 

 displaying peculiar horn-like charac- 

 teristics of toughness and translucency. 

 Much of the nodular chalcedony of the 

 Ohio valley, extensively employed by the 

 aborigines in the manufacture of imple- 

 ments and the blades and disks deposited 

 in caches, has been known under this 

 name. Jasper (q. v.) is a ferruginous 

 variety of chalcedony, of red, yellow, and 

 brownish tints. The greenish varieties 

 are known as prase, and these when 

 marked with red are called bloodstone. 

 Numerous aboriginal quarries of jasper 

 occur in e. Pennsylvania. Agate is a 

 banded variety of chalcedony found 



mainly in cavities in igneous rocks. The 

 natural colors are white to gray, passing 

 into various delicate tints. Onyx is a 

 l)anded variety of agate, but owing to 

 fancied similarities the name has beeu 

 applied to certain calcareous deposits, as 

 the so-called IMexican onyx. 



Consult Dana, System of Mineralogy, 

 1892; Merrill, Rocks, Rock-weathering 

 and Soils, 1897. See Mines and Quarries, 

 >%:ine-v:ork. (w. h. h. g. p. m.) 



Clialicliiki {chall 'blue corn', chiki 

 'place of: 'field of blue corn'). A 

 Tarahumare rancheria near Palanquo, 

 Chihuaiua, Mexico. — Lumholtz, inf'n, 

 1894. 



Chalit. A Magemiut Eskimo village 

 near Kuguklik r., Alaska; pop. 60 in 

 1880, 358 in 1890. 



Chalitmivrt. — Nelson in 18th Rep. B. A. E., map, 

 1899. Chalitmute.— Petroff, Rep. on Alaska, 54, 

 1881. 



Chaliuknak. A former Aleut village 

 on Beaver bav, Unalaska id., Alaska. — 

 Baker, Geog. Diet. Alaska, 1901. 



Chalkunts. A Squawmish village com- 

 munity on Gambler id., Brit. Col. 

 Tca'lkunts.— Hill-Tout in Rep. Brit. A. A. S., 474, 

 1900. 



Chalone. A division of the Costanoan 

 family of California which resided e. of 

 Soled'ad mission, with which they were 

 connected. Chalone villages are men- 

 tioned as follows: Aspasniagan, Chulare, 

 Ekgiagan, Eslanagan, Goatcharones, Ich- 

 enta, and Yumanagan. Eslanagan, how- 

 ever, may be Esselen; the Goatcharones 

 are undoubtedly the Wacharones of San 

 Juan Bautista, and the Yumanagan are 

 probably the Ymunacam of San Carlos 

 mission, who are also ascribed to the 

 Kalindaruk division, so that the consti- 

 tution and limits of the Chalone are un- 

 certain. Chalone peak and creek are 

 named from them. (h. w. h.) 



Chalones.— Taylor in Cal. Farmer, Apr. 20, 18(i0. 



Chalosas. A former Chumashan village 

 on Santa Cruz id., Cal. — Taylor in Cal. 

 Farmer, Apr. 2-4, 1863. 



Tca-la-cuc, — Henshaw, Buenaventura MS. vocab., 

 B. A. E., 1884. 



Chalowe. A former pueblo of the Zufii, 

 \\ m. N. w. of Hawikuh. The ruins form 

 a wideh' scattered series of dwelling 

 clusters, 'which traditionally belonged to 

 one people, known by the general name 

 of Chalowe. It is said to liave been in- 

 habited at the time of the first arrival of 

 the Spaniards. The general character 

 and arrangement of the pueblo, however, 

 are so different from the prevailing type 

 in this region that it seems hardly prob- 

 able that it belonged to the same people 

 and to the same age as the other ruins. — 

 Mindeleff in 8th Rep. B. A. E., 83, 1891. 

 Chall-o-wha.— Fewkes in Jour. Am. Ethnol. and 

 Archa'Ol., l, 101, 1891. 



Chalumu. A Costanoan village for- 

 merlv situated a mile n. w. of Santa Cruz 



