346 



COPPER 



[B. A. E. 



markable objects found in mounds at 

 Hopewell farm, Ross co. , Ohio, appear 

 to have been intended for some special 

 symbolic use rather than for 

 personal adornment, as usual 

 means of attachment are not 

 provided. The early voyagers, 

 especially along the Atlantic 

 coast, mention the use of to- 

 bacco pipes of copper. There 

 is much evidence that imple- 

 ments as well as ornaments and 

 other objects of copper were regarded as 

 having exceptional virtues and magical 

 powers, and certain early w'riters aver that 



pers " and of their peculiar form and use 

 is not known. The largest are about 3 

 ft. in length. The upper, wider portion. 



(1-3) 



-SYMBOLS; Ohio Mound; 

 4 TO 12 Inches in greatest 

 Dimension, (moorehead) 



some of the 

 tribes of thf 

 great lakes held 

 all copperas sa- 

 cred, making no 

 practical use of 

 it whatever. 



Copper was 

 not extensivelj' 

 used within the 

 area of the Pacific 

 states, but was em- 

 ployed for various 

 purposes by the 

 tribes of the N. W., 

 who are skilful 

 metal workers, em- 

 ploying to some ex- 

 tent methods intro- 

 duced by the whites. 

 Formerly the na- 

 tives obtained copper from the valley of 

 Copper r. and elsewhere, but the market 

 is now well sup- 

 plied with the im- 

 portedmetal. Itis 

 used very largely 

 for ornaments, for 

 utensils, especially 

 knives, and whis- 

 tles, rattles, and 

 masks are some- 

 times made of it. 

 Perhaps the most 

 noteworthy prod- 

 uct is the unique, 

 shield-like "cop- 

 pers" made of 

 sheet metal and 

 highly esteemed as symbols of wealth or 

 distinction. The origin of these ' * cop- 



Sheet-coppeh Eagle; Illinois 

 MOUND; 1-6 (thomas) 



Sheet-copper Figure; Etowah Mound, Ga. (about I-5) 



and in cases the lower part, or stem, are 

 ornamented with designs representing 

 mythic creatures (Niblack, Boas). 



The literature of copper is extensive; 

 the principal works, especially those 

 contributing original material, 

 are: Beauchamp in Bull. N. Y. 

 State Mus., no. 73, 1903; Boas 

 in Nat. Mus. Rep. 1895, 1897; 

 Butler in Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., 

 VII, 1876; Cushing (1) in The 

 Archfeologist, II, no.5, 1894, (2) 

 in Am. Anthrop., vii, no. 1, 

 1894; Davis in Smithson. Rep. 

 1874, 1875; Farquharson in 

 Proc. Davenport Acad., i, 1876; 

 Foster, Prehist. Races, 1878; 

 Foster and Whitney, Rep. on 

 Geol. and Topog. L. Superior 

 Land District (H. R. Doc. 69, copper knife- 

 31st Cong., 1st sess., 1850); 

 Fowke, Archajol. Hist. Ohio, 

 1902; Gillman in Smithson. 

 Rep. 1873, 1874; Hamilton in Wis. Ar- 

 cha^ol., I, no. 3, 1902; Hearne, Journey, 

 1796; Holmes in Am. Anthrop., in, 1901; 

 Hoy in Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., iv, 1878; 

 Lapham, Antiq. of Wis., 1855; Lewis in 

 Am. Antiq. , xi,no. 5, 1889; McLean, Mound 

 Builders, 1879; Mason in Proc. Nat. Mus., 

 XVII, 1 895 ; Mass. H ist. Soc. Coll. , VIII, 1843 ; 

 Moore, various memoirs in Jour. Acad. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1894-1905; Moore, McGuire, et 

 al. in Am. Anthrop., n. s., v, no. 1, 1903; 

 Moorehead (1) Prehist. lmpl.,1900, (2) in 



haioa; length 

 9 1-2 Inches, 

 (niblack) 



