BULL. 30] 



CROSSWEEKSUNG CROWS 



367 



distinct from those associated with the 

 cross through any other means. 



It is thus seen that the cross naturally 

 and freely tinds its way into the art of 

 primitive peoples, and that it may have 

 great variety of form and diversity of 

 meaning. There seems no reason what- 

 ever for supposing that the cross of the 

 American aborigines, in any of its phases, 

 is derived from the cross of the Old 

 World, or that the ideas associated with 

 it are at all analogous with those that 

 cluster a])Out the Christian cross. It is 

 well known, however, that the Christian 

 cross was introduced everywhere among 

 the American tribes by the conquerors 

 and colonists as a symbol of the religion 

 which they sought to introchice, and be- 

 ing adopted by the tribes it is embodied 

 to some extent in the post-Columbian 

 native art. Crosses of silver, such as 

 were commonly worn as pendants on 

 rosaries, are frequently recovered from 

 mounds and burial places of the abo- 

 rigines. 



Consult Barrett in Am. Anthrop., vii, 

 no 4, 1905; Beauchamp in Bull. 73, N. Y. 

 State Mus., 1903; Blake, The Cross, An- 

 cient and Modern, 1888; Brinton in Proc. 

 Am. Philos. Soc.,xxVi, 1889; .1.0. Dorsey 

 (1) in nth Rep. B. A. E., 1894, (2) in The 

 Archaeologist, 1894; Fletcher in Rep. Pea- 

 body Mus., Ill, 1884; Holmes (1) in 20th 

 Rep. B. A. E., 1903, (2) in Am. Anthrop., 

 II, 1889; Jones in Smithson. Rep. 1881, 

 1883; Kroeber in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., XVIII, 1902; McAdams, Records of 

 Ancient Races, 58, 1887; Stevenson in 8th 

 Rep. B. A. E., 1891; TookerinAm. Anti(i., 

 XX, no. 6, 1898; Wilson in Rep. Nat. Mus. 

 1894, 1896. (w. H. H.) 



Crossweeksung ( ' the house of sejiara- 

 tion' (?). — Boudinot). A former Dela- 

 ware village in Burlington co., N. J., 

 probably about the present Crosswicks. 

 A mission was established there by 

 Brainerd in 1745. (.i. m. ) 



Crossweeckes, — Doc. of 1674 in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., 

 II, 682, 1858. Crossweeksung. — Boudinot, Star in 

 the West, 278, 1816. Crosweek.— Ibid. ,117. 



Croton-bug'. The water cockroach 

 ( Bhitta (jermanica ) , from Croton, the name 

 of a river in Westchester co., N. Y., 

 which has been applied also to the metro- 

 politan teservoir system. Tooker con- 

 siders the word a personal name and de- 

 rives it from klollin, in the Delaware 

 dialect of Algonquian, signifying ' he 

 contends.' (a. f. c. ) 



Crow Dog (Kangisunka). An Oglala 

 Sioux chief. He took no prominent part 

 in the Sioux war of 1876, but in 1881 he 

 shot Spotted Tail in a brawl, and for 

 this was tried before a jury and sentenced 

 to be lianged, but the United States Su- 

 preme Court ordered his release on habeas 

 corpus, ruling that the Federal courts had 



no jurisdiction over crimes committed on 

 reservations secured to Indian tribes by 

 treaty. Other deeds attested his fearless 

 nature, and when the Ghost-dance craze 

 emboldened the Oglala to go upon the 

 warpath, angered by a new treaty cutting 

 down their reservation and rations, Crow 

 Dog was one of the leaders of the desper- 

 ate band that fled from Rosebud agency 

 to the Baddands and defied Gen. J. A. 

 Brooke's brigade. He was inclined to 

 yield when friendlies came to persuade 

 them, and when the irreconcilables 

 caught up their rifles to shoot the waver- 

 ers he drew his blanket over his head, 

 not wishing, as he said, to know who 

 would be guilty of slaying a brother 

 Dakota. When the troops still refrained 

 from attacking, and the most violent of 

 his companions saw the hopelessness of 

 their plight, he led his followers back to 

 the agency toward the close of Dec, 

 1890. (F. H.) 



Crowmocker (transl. of Kdg'-ahiieH>/ke, a 

 chief's name). A former Cherokee set- 

 tlement on Battle cr., which falls into 

 Tennessee r. below Chattanooga, Tenn. 



(J.M.) 

 Crow Mockers Old Place. — Royce in .5th Rep. B. 

 A. E., map, 1887. 



Crow People. A division of the Crows, 

 distinguished from the Minesetperi. — 

 Culbertson in Smithson. Rep. 1850, 144, 

 1851. 



Crows (trans., through French gens des 

 corbi'aitx, of their own name, Absdroke, 

 crow, sparrowhawk, or bird people). A 

 Siouan tribe forming part of the Hidatsa 

 group, their separation from the Hidatsa 

 having taken place, as Matthews (1894) 

 believed, within the last 200 years. 

 Hayden, following their tradition, placed 

 it a})OUt 1776. According to this story 

 it was the result of a factional dispute 

 between two chiefs who were desper- 

 ate men and nearly equal in the num- 

 ber of their followers. They were then 

 residing on Missouri r., and one of the two 

 bands which afterward became the Crows 

 withdrew and migrated to the vicinity of 

 the Rocky mts. , through which region 

 they continued to rove until gathered on 

 reservations. Since theirseparation from 

 the Hidatsa their history has been similar 

 to that of most tribes of the plains, one 

 of perpetual war with the surrounding 

 tribes, their chief enemies being the 

 Siksika and the Dakota. At the time of 

 the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804) 

 they dwelt chiefly on Bighorn r. ; 

 Brown (1817) located them on the Yel- 

 lowstone and the e. side of the Rocky 

 mts.; Drake (1834) on the s. branch of 

 the Yellowstone, in lat. 46°, long. 105°. 

 Hayden (1862) wrote: " The country 

 usually inhabited by the Crows is in and 

 near the Rocky mts., along the sources of 



