396 



DOLOKES 



Lb. a. b. 



of those who represent kachinas, or im- 

 personations of ancestral ' ' breath bodies' ' 

 or spirits of men. These dolls are not 

 worshipped, but are made by the priests 

 in their kivas during the great spring 

 ceremonies as presents 

 for the little girls, to 

 whom they are presented 

 on the morning of the 

 last day of the festival by 

 men personating kachi- 

 nas (Fewkes). In this 

 way the young become 

 familiar with the com- 



HoPi Kachina Doll 

 WOOD (1-4) 



plicated and symbolic masks, ornaments, 

 and garments worn during tribal and 

 religious ceremonies. See Amusements, 

 Child life, Games. 



Consult Dorsey and Voth in Field 

 Columb. Mus. Publ., 55 and 66; Fewkes 

 in 17th, 19th, and 21st Reps. B. A. E., 

 and Internat. Archiv. Ethnog., vii, 1894; 

 Moonev in 17th Rep. B. A. E., 1898; Nel- 

 son in"^18th Rep. B. A. E., 1899; Turner 

 in nth Rep. B. A. E., 1894. (a. c. f.) 



Dolores (contracted from Span. iVaes/r a 

 Sefiora de los Dolores, ' Our Lady of Sor- 

 rows ' ) . A mission established among 

 the Pima by Father Kino in 1687, just 

 above Cucurpe on the headwaters of the 

 w. branch of the Rio Sonora, in n. w. 

 Sonora, Mexico. According to Venegas 

 it had 2 visitas (probably Remedies and 

 Cocospera) in 1721. Pop. 29 in 1730. 

 Dolores. — Mange (1099) in Bancroft, Ariz, and N. 

 Mex., 352, 1889. Los Dolores.— Orozco y Berra, 

 Geog., 347, 1864. Nuestra Senora de los Dolores.— 

 Kino (1694) in Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th s., I, 248,1856. 



Dolores. A Spanish Franciscan mission 

 established in California within the site 

 of the city of San Francisco on Oct. 9, 

 1776. When Gov. Portola, in searching 

 for Monterey, came to the bay of San 

 Francisco, that had remained hidden to 

 all previous explorers. Father Junipero 

 Serra regarded it as a miraculous discov- 

 ery, for the visitador-general in naming 

 the missions to be established at the 

 havens of the coast had said to the mis- 

 sion president, who was disapjiointed be- 



cause the name of the founder of the 

 order was omitted, that if St Francis de- 

 sired a mission he must show his port. 

 The missionaries impatiently brooked the 

 obstacles that delayed planting a mission 

 at the port tliat their patron saint had 

 revealed. The site was beside the lagoon 

 of Nuestra Senora de los Dolores, hence 

 the mission of San Francisco de Assisi 

 came to be known as Dolores mission. 

 There were no natives present when the 

 mission was opened. The inhabitants, 

 the Romonan, had been driven from the 

 peninsula by a hostile tribe who burned 

 their rancherias and killed all who did not 

 escape on rafts. When the fugitives re- 

 turned to find their home occupied by the 

 Spaniards they were disj^osed to contend 

 for its possession. In the first fight the sol- 

 diers fired in the air, in the iiex t they shot 

 a native, upon which the savages begged 

 for peace, buttled when the Spaniards re- 

 leased after a whijiping those thatthey had 

 captured, and were not seen again until 

 spring. The missionaries gradually won 

 their confidence after they returned and in 

 October baptized 1 7 adults. At the end of 

 5 years therewere 215 converts, and in 1796 

 they numbered 720. The neophytes when 

 harshly treated could escape easily by 

 water, and after 280 had run away and 

 the soldiers were unable to stay the exodus 

 the head missionary sent out a party of 

 15 Christian Indians, of whom 7 were slain 

 by the Cuchillones. A priest. Father 

 Fernandez, brought charges against the 

 missionary fathers, and Gov. Borica de- 

 manded that they reform their treat- 

 ment — long tasks, scant rations, and cruel 

 punishments, evidenced by 200 escapes and 

 as many deaths within a year. Although 

 Father Lasuen, the mission president, 

 promised and endeavored to remedy the 

 alleged evils, the Indians continued to 

 run away, and the missionaries, in 1797, 

 sent out another party of neophytes to 

 gather in the lost flock, but the former 

 barely escaped the fate of the preceding 

 party. The Saclan harbored the fugitives 

 and threatened to kill the mission In- 

 dians if they continued to work and the 

 soldiers if they interfered. The governor 

 sent a detachment of troops to punish 

 them, and in the fight 2 soldiers were 

 wounded and 7 natives killed. The 

 Cuchian were also attacked and the sol- 

 diers returned with 83 of the fugitive 

 Christians. During the decade 1,213 na- 

 tives were baptized and 1,031 buried, and 

 at the end of the 18th century the neo- 

 phyte population was 644. the cattle 

 had increased to 8,200 head, and the 

 crop in 1800 was 4,100 bushels, half of it 

 wheat. The land about the mission was 

 sterile, and fields 12 m. distant were 

 planted. The neophytes first dwelt in 



