BULL. 30] 



DOMESTICATION 



397 



rude huts of willow poles and tule, but 

 between 1793 and 1798 adobe houses were 

 built for every family and the thatched 

 roofs of the church and mission buildings 

 were replaced with tiles. On looms made 

 by the Indians woolen cloth was produced 

 in quantities sufficient to clothe the con- 

 verts and blankets were woven for the 

 presidio. In 1796 the manufacture of 

 coarse pottery was begun. In 1820 the neo- 

 phyte population was 622, but the mor- 

 tality continued to be greater than in any 

 other mission. In 1830 the population 

 was 219. The sheep fell off to one-fifth 

 of the former number and only a third 

 as much grain was produced as in 1810. 

 The decline was due to the division of the 

 mission when San Rafael was founded in 

 a healthier location in 1817 and San 

 Francisco Solano in 1823. While the 

 baptisms were exceeded only at San Jose, 

 there were 2,100 deaths at San Francisco 

 Dolores and San Rafael, whither half the 

 neophytes were removed, in the 10 years 

 ending with 1820. Solano, founded with 

 the intention of transferring the entire 

 mission, received half the neophytes of 

 the parent mission, but returned a ]>art 

 when it was constituted an independent 

 establishment. The buildings fell into 

 ruin, except the church, which is still 

 standing as part of the Dolores mission 

 church of San Francisco. The number 

 of neophytes fell to 204 in 1832, and in 

 1840 there were 89 at San Mateo and 

 about 50 scattered about the district. 

 The civilian administrator found little 

 property in 1834 and soon none was left. 

 The neophytes received nothing; they 

 were never organized in a pueblo, l)ut 

 were apportioned among the settlers and 

 held in servitude against their will. In 

 1843 the last remnant, 8 aged starvelings, 

 appealed to the Government for help. 



The tribes that came first under the in- 

 fluence of the Dolores mission were the 

 Ahwaste, Altahmo, Olhon, Romonan, 

 and Tulomo, all speaking the same lan- 

 guage, the Costanoan, as did some other 

 tribes, not so numerous, that lived on or 

 near the thickly peopled shores of San 

 Francisco bay. They subsisted by hunt- 

 ing and fishing. Both sexes often wore 

 their hair short, having the custom of cut- 

 ting it when afflicted by sorrow or misfor- 

 tune. Those of the s. allowed their hair 

 to grow and wore the long carefully 

 dressed braids adorned with beads and 

 trinkets wound about the head like a tur- 

 ban. The medicine-men, through their 

 incantations, pretended to be able to bring 

 fish as well as to cure the sick. Of the Iflub- 

 ber of stranded whales and of seals they 

 were extremely fond, and they ate nuts, 

 berries, and camas bulbs, and made bread 

 of seeds and acorns. The people who came 

 to the mission from the opposite shore of 



the bay and the estuary were of lighter 

 hue and more corpulent than the coast 

 Indians. The juen went naked, coating 

 themselves with mud on cold mornings; 

 the women wore an apron of sedge or 

 rushes reaching before and behind to the 

 knees and a cloak of the same material 

 over their shoulders. People are said to 

 have married and parted without cere- 

 mony, mothers taking their children with 

 them, and men often took whole families 

 of sisters fo;- their wives. These Indians 

 burned their dead. 



The following list of rancherias and 

 tribes from which the mission drew its 

 neophytes is adapted from those recorded 

 in the parish books (Taylor in Cal. Far- 

 mer, Oct. 18, 1861): 



Abmoctac, Acnagis, Acyum, Aleta, Al- 

 tahmo, Aluenchi, Amutaja, Anamas, An- 

 amon, Anchiu, Aramay, Assunta, Atarpe, 

 Cachanegtac, Caprup, Carascan, Cazopo, 

 Chagunte, Chanigtac, Chapugtac, Chayen, 

 Chipisclin, Chipletac, Chiputca, Chuchic- 

 tac, Chupcan, Churmutce, Chutchin, Chy- 

 nau, Conop, Flarroyde, Flunmuda, Gam- 

 chines, Genau, Guanlen, Guloismistac, 

 Halchis, Horocroc, Huimen, Hunctu, 

 Itaes, Joquizara, Josquigard, Juniamuc, 

 Juris, Lamsim, Libantone, Livangebra, 

 Livangelva, Luianeglua, Luidneg, Macsi- 

 num, Malvaitac, Mitline, Muingpe, Naig, 

 Naique, Napa, Olestura, Ompivromo, Oto- 

 acte, Oturbe, Ousint, Patnetac, Petaluma, 

 Proqueu, Pructaca, Pruristac, Puichon, 

 Purutea, Puycone, Quet, Sadaues, Sa- 

 gunte, Saraise, Saruntac, Satumuo, Sat- 

 uraumo. Sicca, Sipanum, Siplichiquin, 

 Siscastac, Sitintajea, Sitlintaj, Sittintae, 

 Ssalayme, Ssichitca, Ssipudca, Ssiti, 

 Ssogereate, Ssupichum, Subchiam, Su- 

 chui, Sunchaque, Talcan, Tamalo, Tat- 

 quinte, Timigtac, Timsin, Titivu, Torose, 

 Totola, Tubisuste, Tuca, Tupuic, Tu- 

 puinte, Tuzsint, Uchium, Urebure, Us- 

 sete, Vagerpe, Vectaca, Yacmui, Yacomui, 

 Zomiomi, Zucigin. The names of the 

 tribes which furnished the early converts 

 were Ahwaste, Bolbone, Chiguau, Cuchil- 

 lones, Chuscan, Cotejen, Junatca, Karkm, 

 Khulpuni, Olemos, Olhon, Olmolococ, 

 Olpen, Quemelentus, Quirogles, Saclan, 

 Salzon (Suisun), Sanchines, Saucou, 

 Sichican, Uchium, Uquitinac. 



See Hittell, Hist. Cal., 1885-97; Ban- 

 croft, Hist. Cal., 1886-90; Palou, Life of 

 Serra, 102, 1884. 



Domestication. The Indian learned a 

 great deal from and was helped in his 

 efforts by the actions of animals in their 

 wild state. The ]ieriod of domestication 

 began when he held them in captivity for 

 the gratification of his desires or they be- 

 came attached to him for mutual benefit. 

 In this process there are gradations: 



1. Commensalism begins when food 

 is left for serviceable animals to devour, 



