BULL. SO] 



DRESS— DRILLS AND DRILLING 



401 



erally believed that guch men had power 

 to bring or to avert disaster tlirough direct 

 connnunication with the unseen. 



INIany of the elaborate ceremonies ob- 

 served among the tribes were said to 

 have been received through visions, tlie 

 actual performance following faithfully 

 in detail the pretiguration of the vision. 

 So, too, many of the shrines and their 

 contents were believed to have been su- 

 pernaturally 1)estowed in a vision upon 

 some one person whose descendants were 

 to be the hereditary keepers of the sacred 

 articles. The time for the performance 

 of rites connected with a shrine, and also 

 other ceremonies, frequently depended 

 on an intimation received in a dream. 



The dreams of a man tilling an impor- 

 tant jxisition, as the leader of a war party, 

 were often regarded as significant, espe- 

 cially if he had carried with him some one 

 of the sacred tribal objects as a medium 

 of supernatural communication. This 

 object was supposed to speak to him in 

 dreams and give him directions which 

 would insure safety and success. Fore- 

 casting the future was deemed possible 

 by means of artificially induced visions. 

 The skin of a freshly killed animal, or 

 one that had been well soaked for the 

 purpose, Avas wound around the neck of 

 a man until the gentle pressure on the 

 veins caused insensibilitv, then in a vision 

 he saw the place towarcl which his party 

 was going and all that was to take place 

 was ])refigured. In some tribes a skin 

 kept for this special purpose was held 

 sacred and used for divining by means of 

 an induced vision. Some Indians em- 

 ployed plants, as the peyote, or mescal 

 button, for like purposes. That the spirit 

 left the body and traveled independently, 

 and was able to discern objects distant 

 both in time and space, was believed by 

 certain tribes; others thought that the 

 vision came to the man as a picture or in 

 the form of a complete dramatic cere- 

 mony. 



The general belief concerning dreams 

 and visions seems to have been that the 

 mental images seen with closed eyes were 

 not fancies but actual glimpses of the un- 

 seen world where dwelt the generic types 

 of all things and where all events that 

 were to take place in the visible world 

 were determined and prefigured. 



Consult Fletcher in 22d Rep. B. A. E., 

 1903; Kroeberin Am. Anthrop. , iv, no. 2, 

 1902; Mooney in 14th Rep. B. A. E., 

 1896. ■ (a.c. F.) 



Dress. See Adornmettt, Clothing. 



Drills and Drilling. The first drill was 

 a development of the primitive awl, a 

 sharp-jiointed instrument of bone, stone, 

 or copper which was held in one hand, 

 pressed against the object, and turned 

 back and forth until a hole was bored. 



The point was set in a socket of bone or 

 wood. By setting it in a transverse han- 

 dle increased pressure and leverage were 

 obtained, with increased penetrating 

 power. Artificially perforated oI)jects of 

 bone, fish bones, ivory, jiottery, stone, and 

 wood, common toallperiodsof the world's 

 history, are found in mounds, caves, shell- 

 heaps, and burial places of the Indians. 

 The holes vary from 

 an eighth to a half 

 inch in diameter, and 

 from a fourth of an 

 inch to 6 in. or more 

 in depth. Shell, bone, 

 and stone weredrilled 

 to make beads. Stone 

 pipes with bowl and 

 stem openings of dif- 

 ferent sizes were com- 

 mon, and whistles 

 were made of stone 

 and bone. Tubes in 

 stone, several inches 

 long, Avith walls 



-1 ■ 1 J. 1 i? Single Hand Drills 



scarcely an eighth of 

 an inch thick, were accurately drilled. 

 The columella of the Busycon shell was 

 bored through for beads. The graceful 

 butterfly-shaped objects found through- 

 out E. United States were perforated with 

 surprising accuracy. It has been said that 

 in prehistoric times the natives bored 

 holes through pearls by means of heated 

 cojiper spindles. The points of drills were 

 made of copper rolled into a hollow cylin- 

 der or of pieces of reed, or of solid metal, 

 stone, shell, or wood. Boring by means 

 of hollow drills was usual among all early 

 races of Europe, Asia, and Africa; it was 

 common also in Mexico, and instances are 

 not rare in the mounds of Ohio and else- 

 where in the United States, but in North 

 America solid drill points were 

 generally employed. Grass and 

 liristles were also used as drills, 

 being worked by twirling between 

 the thumb and 

 the index fin- 

 ger. Points of 

 hard stone or 

 metal usually 

 cut by direct 

 contact, but 

 where the 

 points were of 

 wood, dry or 

 wet sand proved 

 more effectual. At times the points were 

 separate from the shafts and were firmly 

 attached to the latter by strings of hide or 

 vegetal fiber. The rapidity with which a 

 drill cuts depends on the velocity of the 

 revolution, the weight and size of its dif- 

 ferent parts, the hardness of the abrading 

 material and of the object drilled, the 

 diameter of the hole, and its depth. The 



Smeet-copper and 

 OF Boring 



Bull. 30—05- 



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