424 



ENC4LISHM A N ENGRAVING 



[b. a. e. 



the young women out to serviceare never- 

 theless weakening more and more the old 

 ideas which are doomed " to disappear as 

 a sj'stem long before the people die out." 

 That they have survived so long is re- 

 markable. 



English influence made itself felt in 

 colonial days in the introduction of im- 

 proved weapons, tools, etc., which facili- 

 tated hunting and tishing and made pos- 

 sible the manufacture with less labor and 

 in greater abundance of ornaments, trin- 

 kets, and other articles of trade. The 

 supplying of the Indians with domestic 

 animals also took place at an early period. 

 Spinning wheels and looms were intro- 

 duced among the Cherokee shortly before 

 the Revolution, and in 1801 the agent re- 

 ported that at the Cherokee agency the 

 wheel, the loom, and the plow were in 

 pretty general use. The intermarriage of 

 Englishmen and Indians has been greater 

 all over the country than is commonly be- 

 lieved, and importance must consequently 

 be attached to the effects of such inter- 

 mingling in modifying Indian customs and 

 institutions. Clothing and certain orna- 

 ments, and, after these, English beds and 

 other furniture were adopted by many 

 Indians in colonial days, as is now being 

 done by the tribes of the n. Pacific coast. 



English influence on the languages of 

 some of the aborigines has been consider- 

 able. The word Kinja7nes, 'King James,' 

 in use among the Canadian Abnaki, testi- 

 fies to the power of English ideas in the 

 17th century. The vocabularies of the 

 eastern Algonquian tribes who have come 

 in contact with the English contain other 

 loan-words. Rand's English-Micmac 

 Dictionary (1888) contains, among oth- 

 ers, the following: Jak-ass; cheesawa, 

 ' cheese ' ; koppee, ' coffee ' ; mulugech, 

 'milk'; gubulnol, 'governor.' Brinton 

 and Anthony's Lenape-English Diction- 

 ary (1889), representing the language of 

 about 1825, has amel, 'hammer'; apel, 

 'apple'; nihil, 'beer'; mellik, 'milk'; 

 skuUn, 'to keep school,' which may be 

 partly from English and partly from Ger- 

 man. A Shawnee vocabulary of 1819 

 has for 'sugar' rnelassa, which seems to 

 be English 'molasses'; and a Micmac 

 vocabulary of 1800 has blaakeet, 'blanket.' 

 The English ' cheese ' has passed into the 

 Nipissing dialect of Algonquian as tchis. 

 The Chinook jargon (q. v.) contained 41 

 words of p]nglish origin in 1804, and 57 in 

 1863, while in 1894, out of 1,082 words 

 (the total number is 1,402) whose origin 

 is known, Eells cites 570 as English. Of 

 recent years "many words of Indian ori- 

 gin have been dropped, English words 

 having taken their places." In colonial 

 days English doubtless had some influ- 

 ence on the grammatical form and sen- 

 tence-construction of Indian languages, 



and this influence still continues: the 

 recent studies by Prince and Speck of the 

 Pequot-Mohegan (Am. Anthrop., n. s., 

 VI, 18-45, 469-476, 1904) contain evidence 

 of this. • English influence has made 

 itself felt also in the languages of the 

 N. W. Hill-Tout (Rep. Ethnol. Surv. 

 Can., 18, 1902) ol)serves, concerning cer- 

 tain Salishan tribes, that "the spread and 

 use of English among the Indians is very 

 seriously affecting the purity of the native 

 speech." Even the Athapascan Nahane 

 of N. British Columbia have, according to 

 Morice (Trans. Canad. Inst., 529, 1903), 

 added a few English words to their vocab- 

 ulary. See also Friederici, Indianer und 

 Anglo-Amerikaner, 1900; MacMahon, 

 The Anglo-Saxon and the North Ameri- 

 can Indian, 1876; Manypenny, Our In- 

 dian**Vards, 1880. " (a- f- C"-) 



Englishman. See Sagaunash. 



Engraved tablets. See Notched plates. 



Engraving. Although extensively em- 

 ployed in pictographic work and in dec- 

 oration, the engraver's art did not rise to 

 a high degree of artistic excellence among 

 the tribes n. of Mexico. As no definite 

 line can be drawn between the lower 

 forms of relief sculpture and engraving, 

 all ordinary petroglyphs may be classed 

 as engravings, since the work is executed 

 in shallow lines upon smooth rock sur- 

 faces (see Pictography). Point work is 

 common on wood, bone, horn, shell, bark, 

 metal, clay, and other surfaces. Each 

 material has its own particular technique, 

 and the designs run the entire gamut of 

 style from graphic to purely conventional 

 representations, and the full range of sig- 

 nificance from purely symbolic through 

 esthetic to simply trivial motives. 



Perhaps the most artistic and technic- 

 ally perfect examples of engraving are 

 those of the N. W. coast tribes of the 

 present ^ 



day, exe- 

 cuted on 

 slate uten- 

 sils and on 

 ornaments 

 of metal 

 (Niblack), 

 yet the 

 graphic 

 productions of the Eskimo on ivory, bone, 

 and antler have sometimes a considerable 

 degreeof merit ( Boas, Hoffman, Murdoch, 

 Nelson, Turner). With both of these peo- 

 ples the processes employed and the style 

 of representation have jiroliably under- 

 gone much change in recent times through 

 contact with white people. The steel 

 point is superior to the point of stone, 

 and this alone would have a marked effect 

 on the execution. The picture writings 

 on bark of many of the northern tribes, 

 executed with bone or other hard points, 



