BULL. ?.01 



ENTUBITR ENVIRONMENT 



427 



as the earliest chief of the e. coast 

 between Hudson r. and St Helena sd. of 

 whom there is any notice. He was the 

 father of Wingina and Granganemeo 

 (q. v.), and a tirm friend of the English 

 colony on Roanoke id. in 1585-86. While 

 he lived he restrained Wingina from 

 wreaking vengence on Lane's company 

 for killing some of the natives. His 

 death occurred in 1585 or 1586. (c. t. ) 



Entubur. A former rancheria, probably 

 of the Papago, visite<l l)v Kino and Mange 

 in 1694; situated between Tubutama and 

 Busanic, lat. 31°, n. w. Sonora, Mexico. — 

 Mange (ca. 1701 ) quoted by Bancroft, No. 

 Mex. States, i, 258, 1884. 



Environment. The natural phenomena 

 that surrounded the al)origines of North 

 America, stimulating and conditioning 

 their life and activities, contrasted greatly 

 with those of the European-Asiatic con- 

 tinent. The differences in the two envi- 

 ronments do not lie alone in physical 

 geography and in jilant and animal life, 

 but are largely mete(.)ro]ogic, the sun oper- 

 ating on air, land, and water, producing 

 variations in temperature and water sup- 

 ply, and as a result entirely new vegetal 

 and animal forms. The planets and stars 

 ajso affected cultural development, since 

 lore and mythology were based on them. 

 AVithin the American continent N. of Mex- 

 ico there were ethnic environments which 

 set bounds for the tri-besand modified their 

 industrial, esthetic, social, intellectual, 

 and religious lives. Omitting the Eskimo, 

 practically all the peoples dwelt in the 

 temperate zone. Eew impassable barriers 

 separated the culture areas, as in Asia. 

 In some respects, indeed, the entire region 

 formed one environment, having easy 

 communications x. and s. and few bar- 

 riers E. and w. The climate zones which 

 Merriam has worked out for the U. S. 

 Department of Agriculture in regard to 

 their animal and vegetal life correspond 

 in a measure with the areas of linguis- 

 tic families as delimited on Powell's 

 map (see Linguistic fa)nilies). The en- 

 vironmental factors that determine cul- 

 tural development of various kinds and 

 degrees are (1) physical geography; (2) 

 climate, to which primitive peoples are 

 especially amenable; (8) predominant 

 plants, animals, and minerals that supply 

 the materials of drink, food, medicines, 

 clothing, ornaments, houses, fuel, furni- 

 ture and utensils, and the objects of hunt- 

 ing, war, the industrial arts, and activi- 

 ties connected with travel, transportation, 

 and commerce. Twelve ethnic environ- 

 ments may be distinguished. There are 

 cosmopolitan characters common to sev- 

 eral, l)ut in each area there is an ensemble 

 of (jualities that impressed themselves on 

 their inhabitants and differentiated them. 



(1) Arctic. — The characteristics of this 

 environmentarean inten.sely cold climate; 

 al)out six months day and six months 

 night; predominance of ice and snow; im- 

 mense archipelagos, and no accessible ele- 

 vations; good stone for lamps and tools; 

 driftwood, but no timber and little fruit; 

 polar bear, blue fox, aquatic mannnals in 

 ]irofusion, migratory birds, and tish, 

 supplying food, clothing, fire, light, and 

 other wants in the exacting climate. 



(2) Yukon-Mackenzie. — This is Merri- 

 am's transcontinental coniferous belt, sep- 

 arated from the arctic environment by the 

 timber line, but draining into arctic seas. 

 It has poor material resources, and bar- 

 ren grounds here and there. Its saving 

 riches are an a])undance of Ijirch, yield- 

 ing bark utensils, canoes, binding mate- 

 rials, and houses, and of spruce, fur- 

 nishing textile roots and other necessa- 

 ries; caribou, muskox, bear, red fox, wolf, 

 white ral)bit, and other fur-bearing mam- 

 mals, and porcupines, migrating birds, 

 and fish. Snow necessitates snowshoes 

 of fine mesh, and immense inland waters 

 make portages easy for bark canoes. Into 

 this area came the Athapascan tribes who 

 developed through its resources their 

 special culture. 



(8) St Lawrence and Lake region. — This 

 is a transition belt having no distinct lines 

 of separation from the areas on the n. and 

 s. It occupies the. en tire drainage of the 

 great lakes and includes INIanitoba, e. Can- 

 ada, and N. New England. It was the 

 home of the Iroquois, Abnaki, Chippewa, 

 and their nearest kindred. The climate 

 is boreal. There are a vast expanse of 

 lowlands and numerous extensive inland 

 waters. The natural products are abun- 

 dant — evergreens, l)irch, sugar maple, 

 elm, berries, and wild rice in the w.; 

 maize, squash, and beans in the s.; 

 moose, deer, bear, beaver, jwrcupines, 

 land and water birds in immense flocks, 

 whitefish, and, on the seacoast, marine 

 products in greatest variety and abun- 

 dance. Canoe travel; pottery scarce. 



(4) Atlantic slope. — This area, occupied 

 principally by tribes allied to the Dela- 

 wares, but also by detached Iroquoian 

 tribes and perhaps some Siouan and 

 Uchean bands, included the region of 

 the fertile piedmont, poor foothills, rich 

 lowlands, bays and rivers abounding in 

 aquatic life, and vast salt meadows. The 

 low mountains were not ethnic l)arriers, 

 but the differences in physical condi- 

 tions on the two sides were marked 

 enough to produce separate cultures. 

 INIinerals for tools and weapons were 

 present in great variety, and ochers, 

 clays, and some copper were found. 

 Plant life was varied and al)undant. 

 Forests of hard wood, birch, elm, maple, 



