BULL. 30] 



FIFE FIRE-MA KING 



459 



Fife. An Upper Creek chief, called 

 James or Jim Fife, who flourished in the 

 early years of the 19th century, and whose 

 importance arose chiefly from the aid he 

 rendered Gen. Jackson in the latter' s tight 

 with the Creeks, Jan. 22, 1814, on Talla- 

 poosa r. near the mouth of Emuckfau cr., 

 Ala. In this battle, Fife, who had joined 

 Jackson with 200 warriors at Talladega, 

 not only saved Coffee's division from de- 

 feat when hard pressed by fearful odds, 

 but turned the tide of battle in favor of 

 Jackson's army. "But for the prompt- 

 ness of Fife and his warriors," says Drake 

 (Ind. Chiefs, 104, 1832), "doubtless the 

 Americans must have retreated." He 

 signed the treaty of Indian Springs, 

 Ga., Feb. 12, 1825, only as representing 

 Talladega, and is not included among 

 "the chiefs and headmen of the Creek 

 nation" who signed the supplementary 

 treaty. (c. t. ) 



Fife's Village. A former Upper Creek 

 village situated a few miles e. of Talladega, 

 Ala.— Roy ce in 18th Rep. B. A. E., pi. 

 cviii, 1899. 



Fightingtown (mistranslation of Walds^- 

 unuMi'ii}, 'i^lace of the plant walas''- 

 unuUsti', i. e., 'frog tights with it'). A 

 former Cherokee settlement on Fighting- 

 town cr., near Morgan ton, Fannin co., 

 Ga.— Mooney in 19th Rep. B. A. E., 545, 

 1900. 



Finhalui {Fm-halni, 'high log'). A 

 former Lower Creek town, probably in 

 Georgia, with 187 heads of families in 

 1832. A swamp bearing the name Fin- 

 holoway is in Wayne co., Ga., between 

 lower Altamaha and Satilla rs. ( a. s. g. ) 

 Fin-'halui.— Gatschet, Creek, Migr. Leg., i, 130, 

 1884. High Log.— Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, iv, 578, 

 1864. 



Finhioven {Fin-hi-nven). A chief of the 

 Kadohadacho in 1771. He guided the 

 Wichita from upper Red r. to Natchito- 

 ches, La., and witnessed the treaty made 

 between the latter tribe and the Spanish 

 governors of Louisiana and Texas, Oct. 

 27, 1771. He is referred to in the man- 

 uscript record of this event as "gran cas- 

 ique" of the Kadohadacho. ( h. e. b. ) 



Fire Lodge. One of the former Dakota 

 bands below L. Traverse, ]Minn. — Ind. 

 Aff. Rep. 1859, 102, 1860. 



Fire-making. Two methods of making 

 fire were in use among the American 

 aborigines at the time of the discovery. 

 The first method, by tlint-and-pyrites ( the 

 progenitor of tiint-and-steel), was prac- 

 tised by the Eskimo and by the northern 

 Athapascan and Algonquian tribes rang- 

 ing across the continent from Stikine r. 

 in Alaska to Newfoundland and around 

 the entire Arctic coast, and also through- 

 out New England; as well as by the tribes 

 of the N. Pacific coast. The inference is 

 that this method of fire-making at one 

 time was general in this area, but the ob- 



servations on which its distribution is 

 based are from widely separated localities 

 in which it is invariably used in connec- 

 tion with fire-making by wood friction. 

 It appears jirobable thatflint-and-pyrites, 

 in view of its distribution in northern 

 Europe, was introduced into America 

 through Scandinavian contact, or is ac- 

 cultural either from Europe or Asia. The 

 Hint-and-steel is clearly an introduction 

 of recent times. 



The second method, by reciprocating 

 motion of wood on wood and igniting the 

 ground-off particles through heat gener- 

 ated by friction, was widespread in 

 America, where it was the most valued 



MAKING FIRE WITH SIMPLE ROD DRILL REVOLVED BETWEEN 

 THE hands; HUPA 



as well as the most effectual process 

 known to the aborigines. The apparatus, 

 in its simplest form, consists of a slender 

 rod or drill and a lower piece or hearth, 

 near the border of which the drill is 

 worked by twisting between the palms, 

 cutting a socket. From the socket a nar- 

 row canal is cut in the edge of the hearth, 

 the function of which is to collect the 

 powdered wood ground off by the friction 

 of the drill, as within this wood meal the 

 heat rises totheignition point. This is the 

 simplest and most widely diffused type of 

 fire-generating apparatus known to unciv- 

 ilized man. Among the Eskimo and some 

 other tribes the simple two-piece fire drill 

 became a machine by the use of a hand 



