464 



FLAKES 



[I 



try hereby conveyed to them. ' ' Although 

 the lands were held in fee simple, the 

 right to alienate them except to the 

 United States or with its consent does 

 not appear to have passed to the grantees. 

 The title is defined as a " base, qualified, or 

 determinable fee, with only a possibility 

 of reversion to the United States (U. S. r. 

 Reese, 5 Dill., 405). The right of these 

 tribes to cut, sell, and dispose of their tim- 

 ber, and to permit mining and grazing 

 within the limits of their respective tracts 

 was for a time limited to their own citi- 

 zens, but this right has been somewhat 

 extended, though the exercise of it is still 

 subject to approval liy the proper United 

 States authorities. The title of the Chick- 

 asaw Nation to their lands in Indian Ter. 

 was obtained from the Choctaw in ac- 

 cordance with treaties with the United 

 States, while that of the Seminole was ob- 

 tained from the Creeks, these two tribes 

 being granted their lands on .the same 

 basis and with the same title and privi- 

 leges as the United States granted the 

 lands to the Choctaw and the Creeks. The 

 territory thus assigned to these five tribes 

 within the limits of Indian Ter. amounted 

 to 19,475,614 acres, or about 30,431 sq. m., 

 an area equal to that of South Carolina, 

 and equivalent to 230 acres for each man, 

 woman, and child of the entire population 

 (84,507) of the five tribes. 



The treaties of 1866 with the several 

 tribes all provided for the holding of a gen- 

 eral council to be composed of delegates 

 from each tribe in Indian Ter., and the 

 Choctaw and Chickasaw treaty also pro- 

 vides that this general council shall elect 

 a delegate to Congress whenever Congress 

 shall authorize the admission intoits body 

 of an official who shall represent Indian 

 Ter. Although some of the tribes have 

 made an effort to bring about the results 

 contemplated in these treaty stipulations, 

 nothing effectual in thisdirection has been 

 accomplished. By act of Congress Feb. 8, 

 1887, every Indian 1)orn in the United 

 States who receives land in allotment and 

 takes up "his residence separate and apart 

 from any tribes of Indians therein and has 

 adopted the habits of civilized life," is de- 

 clared a citizen of the United States; but 

 the Five Civilized Tribes were excepted 

 from the provisions of this act. By act 

 of Mar. 3, 1901, however, this section was 

 amended by insertingafter the words ' 'civ- 

 ilized life" the words "and every Indian 

 in Indian Territory," thusdeclaringevery 

 Indian of that territory to be a citizen of 

 the United States. By act of May 2, 1890, 

 the laws of Arkansas, so far as applicable, 

 were extended overlndianTer. until Con- 

 gress should otherwise provide. United 

 States courts and courts of special juris- 

 diction have also been established in the 

 Territory. By sec. 16 of the act of "Mar. 3. 



1893, the President was authorized to ap- 

 point three commissioners (subsequently 

 changed to five ), to negotiate with the five 

 tribes for the allotment in severalty of their 

 lands, thus extinguishing the tril)al title 

 thereto. (See Comrnissioii to the Five Civil- 

 ized Tribes. ) 



On the abolition of slavery the problem 

 of determining the status and relations 

 of the freedmen in the Five Civilized 

 Tribes became a difficult one, though by 

 treaties of 1866 it was agreed that they 

 should be subject to the same laws as the 

 Indians and be entitled to a portion of 

 the land (the rights in this respect differ- 

 ing in the different tribes); but questions 

 respecting other matters, as school privi- 

 leges, have proved troublesome factors. 

 In some of the tribes negroes have separate 

 schools, and l^y the act of Congress of 

 June 28, 1898, the freedmen were ex- 

 cluded from particii^ating in the royalties 

 on coal and asphalt, or in the school 

 funds arising therefrom. By the same 

 act and the acts of Mar. 1, 1901, and July 

 1, 1902, the tribal governments of these 

 tribes were to cease Mar. 4, 1906, but by 

 resolution of Feb. 27, 1906, the time was 

 extended one year. Freedmen are, how- 

 ever, citizens in all the tribes. Consult 

 the articles on the tribes composing the 

 Five Civilized Tribes. (c. t. ) 



Flakes, The term flake is often used 

 by archeologists synonymously with chip 

 and spall, but it is most commonly applied 

 to the long, thin slivers of 

 flint or other brittle stone 

 designed for use as cutting 

 implements or produced 

 without particular design 

 in the ordinary course of 

 implement making. When 

 systematically made in 

 numbers for use as knives 

 or scrapers or for other pur- 

 poses, a roughly cylindrical 

 or somewhat conical })iece 

 of fine-grained material was 

 selected or made, and the 

 flakes were removed by strokes with a 

 hammer delivered on one of the ends near 

 the margin, the fracture extending the 

 entire length or most of the length of the 

 core and producing a flake, flat or slightly 

 convex on the inside, sharp on the edges, 

 and having an outer surface or back with 

 one or more angles or facets according to 

 the previous contour of the particular part 

 of the original surface of the core removed. 

 The manufacture of flakes for kniye^, 

 extensively carried on by the ancient 

 Mexicans, is described as being accom- 

 plished by abrupt pressure with a wooden 

 implement, one end placed against the 

 shoulder of the operator and the other 

 set upon the core at the proper i>oint. 

 The exact manner of utilizing the flake 



INT Flakes for 

 Use as Knives. 



