476 



FRESNAL- — FURNITURE 



[b. a. k. 



from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Among 

 the Abnaki intermixture began very early. 

 With them the term for mixed-blood is 

 malouidit, 'of (St) Malo,' indicative of the 

 source of the fathers in most of these 

 marriages. The wheat introduced from 

 France was termed maloumenal, 'grains of 

 (St) Malo.' In the 17th century the Ab- 

 naki called peas wenutsiminar, 'French 

 seeds.' The Micmac term for apple is 

 wenjoosoon, 'French cranberry.' In the 

 Iroquoian languages an example of French 

 influence is seen in Onontiio ( 'Big Moun- 

 tain'), the term applied by the Mohawk 

 to the kings of France, which seems to 

 translate Montmagny, the name of Cham- 

 plain's successor as governor of Canada. 

 Another example, noted by Hewitt, is that 

 the Mohawk of Caughnawaga and other 

 settlements on St Lawrence r. speak far 

 more rapidly than do their brethren on 

 Grand River res., Ontario, and they also 

 have a more copious lexicon of modern 

 terms. 



Under the leadership of Mgr. de Laval 

 the clergy of New France made strenuous 

 opposition to the sale of liquor to the In- 

 dians, and succeeded in getting Colbert 

 to prohibit the traffic; but the necessities 

 of the political schemes of Frontenac and 

 the fact that the Indians turned to the En- 

 glish and Dutch, from whom they could 

 easily procure rum and brandy, caused 

 the reversal of this policy, against the pro- 

 tests of missionaries and the church. To 

 salve their feelings the matter was re- 

 ferred to the Sorbonne and the Univer- 

 sity of Toulouse, the former pronouncing 

 against the sale of liquor to the Indians, 

 the latter declaringit permissible. Finally 

 a sort of theoretical prohibition but actual 

 toleration of liquor selling resulted. 



Consult Parkman (1) Jesuits in North 

 America, (2) Conspiracy of Pontiac, (3) 

 Pioneers of France in the New World, 

 and other works; Jesuit Relations, 

 Thwaitesed., i-lxxiii, 1896-1901. 



(a. f. c.) 



Fresnal ( Span. : ' ash grove ' ) . A Papago 

 village, probably in Pima co. , s. Ariz.; 

 pop. about 250 in 1863. — Poston in Ind. 

 Aff. Rep. 1863, 385, 1864. 



Friedenshuetten (German: 'huts of 

 peace'). A village formerly on Susque- 

 hanna r. a few miles below Wyalusing, 

 and probably in W^yoming co.. Pa. It 

 was established in 1765 by Mahican and 

 Delaware converts under direction of the 

 Moravian missionaries, and seems to have 

 been on the siteof an older town. In 1770 

 the Indians removed to Friedenstadt, in 

 Beaver CO. According to Loskiel (Miss. 

 United Breth., pt. 3, 1794) the name Frie- 

 denshuetten was also applied to a tempo- 

 rary village adjoining Bethlehem in 

 Northampton co., settled in 1746 by Mo- 

 ravian converts from Shecomico, who 



soon afterward removed to Gnadenhuet- 

 ten in Carbon co. (j. m. ) 



Freidenshutten. — Ruttenber, Tribes Hudson R., 

 198, 1872. FriedenHuetten.— Rupp, Northampton, 

 etc., Cos., 86, LS'lS. Friedenshuetten. — Loskiel 

 (1794) in Rupp, West. Pa., app., .355, 1846. Frie- 

 denshutten. — Loskiel in Day, Penn., 103, 1843. 



Friedensstadt(Germ.: 'town of peace'). 

 A village in Beaver co., Pa., probably 

 near the present Darlington, .settled in 

 May, 1770, by the Moravian Delawares 

 from Friedenshuetten. In 1773 they re- 

 moved to Gnadenhuetten and Schoen- 

 brunn on the Muskingum. See Langun- 

 toinenk. (j. m. ) 



Friedensstadt. — Loskiel, Missions, map, 1794. 

 Friedenstadt. — Ibid. , pt . 3, 57. Town of Peace. —Ibid. 



Friendly Village. The name given by 

 Mackenzie (Voy., 351, 1802) to an Atha- 

 pascan village, probably of the Takulli, 

 on upper Salmon r. , Brit. Col., on ac- 

 count of his kind treatment there. 



Frogtown (trans, of WaldsVyt, 'frog 

 place'). A former Cherokee settlement 

 on a creek of the same name, n. of Dah- 

 lonega, Lumpkin co., Ga.— Mooney in 

 19th Rep. B. A. E., 545, 1900. 



Fugitive. A former Kaniagmiut Eskimo 

 village at Hobson harbor, Sitkalidak id., 

 near Kodiak, Alaska. — Lisiansky, Voy., 

 178, 1814. 



Furniture. There was little regular fur- 

 niture among the Indians, as home life 

 was simple and wants were few. The 

 furniture of the tipi differed from that 

 used in the communal dwelling, for the 

 character of the habitation controlled its 

 furnishing. In all classes of habitations 

 seats were generally arranged along the 

 walls. Mats of plaited bark or of woven 

 rushes and skins dressed only on one side 

 were spread as seats, and pillows, for- 

 merly having skin cases, were stuffed wilh 

 feathers, the hair of the deer or elk, in 

 some cases scrapings from the hide, or, 

 as in the S., the long gray Spanish moss, 

 and used as cushions to sit on. Among 

 some tribes a bearskin was the seat of 

 honor. In the pueblos seats were of stone, 

 or were rectangular stools made from a 

 single block of wood, in addition to a ma- 

 sonry bench extending round or partly 

 round the room. In n. California stools 

 were circular in form. In the houses of 

 the N. W. coast long settees were placed 

 facing the fire, against the partitions that 

 marked a family's space in the communal 

 dwelling. 



In the earth lodge and similar habi- 

 tations stationary couches, which served 

 as seats by day and as beds by night, were 

 arranged against the walls. These were 

 made by planting in the floor four tall 

 posts on which were supported two 

 shelves, or bunks, of wattled twigs, on 

 which the bedding was placed. Some- 

 times both shelves were used as beds, but 

 generally the upper one was used for stor- 



