BULL. 30] 



GALPA GAMES 



483 



it is applied. It was given by the Span- 

 iards of San Rafael mission to the Porno 

 from the vicinity of Healdsburgand Santa 

 Eosa, Sonoma co., Cal., on the occasion 

 of their beino; brought into the mission in 

 the early part of the 19th century. The 

 name is now used to designate in particu- 

 lar the few remainiiig Indians whose 

 former homes were in the Russian r. val- 

 ley from the vicinity of Healdsburg s. to 

 the southern limit of the territory occu- 

 pied by the Pomo, or a point about half- 

 way between Santa Rosa and Petaluma. 

 In a still broader sense it is made to in- 

 clude the remainder of the people speak- 

 ing the same dialect and formerly living 

 about Cloverdale and the upper part of 

 Dry cr. The name is not of Indian ori- 

 gin and its significance is not known. 



(S. A. b) 

 Cainameros. — Bancroft, Hist. Cal., iv, 71, 1886. 

 Calajomanes. — Bancroft, Nat. Races, i, 3(;3. 1877. 

 Canaumanos. — Tavlor in Cal. Farmer, Mar. 30, 

 1860. Canimairo.— Ibid., .Tune 8, 1860. Cani- 

 mares. — Ibid., Feb. 22, 1860. Gal-li-no-me'-ro. — 

 Powers in Cont. N. A. Ethnol., in, 174, 1877. 

 Kai-nama.— Wrangell, Ethnog. Nachr., 80, 1839. 

 Eai-na-meah. — Gibbs (1851) in Schoolcraft, Ind. 

 Tribes, nr, 102, 1853. Kai-na-me-ro.— Ibid. Kai- 

 no-meahs. — Ibid. ,112. Kanamara. — Taylor in Cal. 

 Farmer, Mar. 30, 1860. Kanimares.— Ibid. Kani- 

 marres. — Ibid. Kianamaras. — Ind. Aff. Rep. 1864, 

 119, 1865. Kyanamara.— Ibid., 1856, 2.=)7, 1857. 



Galpa. A former Tepehuane pueblo 

 and the seat of amission; situated in cen- 

 tral Durango, Mexico, on the headwaters 

 of Rio San Pedro. 

 S Lucas de Galpa. — Orozco y Berra, Geog., 319, 1864. 



Gamacaamanc ('ravine of palms'). A 

 rancheria, probably Cochimi, connected 

 with Purisima (Cadegomo) mission, 

 Lower California, in the 18th century. — 

 Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th s., v, 189, 1857. 



Gamacaamancxa ( ' mouth of the ravine 

 of palms'). A rancheria, probably Co- 

 chimi, connected with Purisima (Cade- 

 gomo) mission, Lower California, in the 

 18th century. — Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th s. 

 V, 190, 1857. 



Gambling. See Games. 



Gamchines. A former village, presum- 

 ably Costanoan, connected with Dolores 

 mission, San Francisco, Cal. — Taylor in 

 Cal. Farmer, Oct. 18, 1861. 



Games. Indian games may be divided 

 into two general classes: games of chance 

 and games of dexterity. Games of pure 

 skill and calculation, such as chess, are 

 entirely absent. The games of chance 

 fall into one of two categories: (1) games 

 in which implements corresponding with 

 dice are thrown at random to determine 

 a number or numbers, the counts being 

 kept by means of sticks, pebbles, etc., or 

 upon an abacus or counting board or cir- 

 cuit; (2) games in which one or more 

 of the players guess in which of two 

 or more places an odd or particularly 

 marked counter is concealed, success or 

 failure resulting in the gain or loss of 



counters. The games of dexterity may 

 be designated as (1st) archery in its va- 

 rious modifications; (2d) a game of slid- 

 ing javelins or darts upon the hard ground 

 or ice; (3d) a game of shooting at a mov- 

 ing target consisting of a netted hoop or 

 a ring; (4th) the game of ball in several 

 highly specialized forms; and (5th) the 

 racing games, more or less interrelated and 

 complicated with the ball games (q. v.). 

 In addition, there is a sub-class, related 

 to the game of shooting at the moving 

 target, of which it is a miniature form, 

 corresponding with the European game of 

 cup-and-ball. Games of all the classes 

 designated are found among all the In- 

 dian tribes of North America, and con- 

 stitute the games, par excellence, of the 

 Indians. The children have a variety of 

 other amusements such as top spinning, 

 mimic fights, and similar imitative sports 

 (see Amusements); but the games first 

 described are played only by men and 

 women, youths and maidens, not by 

 children, and usually at fixed seasons as 

 the accompaniment of certain festivals or 

 religious rites. A well-marked affinity 

 exists between the manifestation of the 

 same game even among the most widely 

 separated tribes; the variations are more 

 in the materials employed, due to envi- 

 ronment, than the object or method of 

 plays. Precisely the same games are 

 played by tribes belonging to unrelated 

 linguistic stocks, and in general the va- 

 riations do not follow the differences in 

 language. At the same time there ap- 

 pears to be a progressive change from 

 what seems to be the-older forms of exist- 

 ing games from a center in S. W. United 

 States along lines radiating from the same 

 center southward into INIexico. There is 

 no evidence that any of the games above 

 described were ever imported into Amer- 

 ica; on the contrary, they appear to be 

 the direct and natural outgrowth of 

 aboriginal American institutions. They 

 show no modification due to white influ- 

 ence other than the decay which charac- 

 terizes all Indian institutions under exist- 

 ing conditions. It is probable, however, 

 that the wide dissemination of certain 

 games, as, for example, the hand game, 

 is a matter of comparatively recent date, 

 due to wider and less restricted inter- 

 course through the abolition of tribal 

 wars. Playing cards and probably the 

 simple board game, known by the Eng- 

 lish as merrels, are practically the only 

 games borrowed by the Indians from the 

 whites. On the other hand we have 

 taken lacrosse in the N. and racket in the 

 S., and the Mexicans of the Rio Grande 

 play all the old Indian games under Sjjan- 

 ish names. In the dice games,_ it ap- 

 pears, the original number of dice was 

 four, and that they were made of canes. 



