540 



HAWMANAO HEALTH AND DISEASE 



[b. a. e. 



Bandelier in Arcli. Inst. Papers, iv, 326, 1892 (mis- 

 print). Ha-ui-ca. — Bandelier quoted in Arch. 

 Inst. Rep., V, 43, 1884. Ha-ui-cu. — Bandelier in 

 Revue d'Ethnog., 202, 1886. Havico.— Zarate-Sal- 

 meron (ca. 1629), Relacion, in Land fif Sunshine, 

 47, Dec. 1899. Ha-vi-cu.— Bandelierin Mag. West. 

 Hist., 668, Sept. 1S86. Ha-wi-k'hu.— Gushing in 

 Millstone, x, 4, Jan. 188.5. Ha-wi-k'uh.— Ibid., 19, 

 Feb. 1884. Ha-wi-k'uh-ians.— Ibid., 20 ( = the peo- 

 ple of Hawikuli). Ha-wi-kuhs. — Powell, 2d Kep. 

 B. A. E., xxvii, 1883. Hay-way-ku. — Fewkes in 

 Jour. Am. Ethnol. and Archaol., i, 100, 1891. 

 Hay-we-cu. — Ibid., map. Jahuicu. — E s c a 1 a n t e 

 (1778) quoted by Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Papers, 

 IV, 257, 1892. Kuikawkuk.— Feet in Am. Antiq., 

 XVII, 352, 1895 (misprint). La Concepcionde Agui- 

 co.— Vetancurt (1693) in Teatro Mex., 320, 1871. 

 Nueua Granada.— Galvano (1563) in Hakluyt Soc. 

 Publ., XXX, 227, 1862. Nueva Granada.— Barcia, 

 Ensavo, 21, 1723. Ojo-caliente. — Alcedo, Die. 

 Geog!, in, 370, 178S (doubtless identical). Rosa 

 Eawicuii. — Villasenor mis(|UOted by Bancroft, 

 Ariz, and N. Mex., 252, l,s.S9 (confused with Abi- 

 quiu). Santa Rosa de Hauicui. — Alcedo, Die. 

 Geog., II, 355, 1787. Santa Rosa Havicuii.— Villa- 

 senor, Theatro Am., pt. 2, 413, 1748. Tzibola.— 

 Mota-Padilla (1742), Hist. Nueva Espana, 111, 1871. 

 Zibola.— Perea, Verdadera Rel., 4, 1632. 



Hawmanao (Xdniando). A gens of the 

 Quatsino, a Kwakiutl tribe.— Boas in Rep. 

 Nat. Mas. for 1895, 329. 



Hayah {Ild-ydh). The Snake clan of 

 the Pecos tribe of New Mexico. — Hewett 

 in Am. Anthrop., vi, 439, 1904. 



Head deformation. See Artificial head 

 dej'orindtioii. 



Heakdhetanwan {Hi'-a:^/x ta'iw(f>^^). An 

 ancient Osage village on Spring cr., a 

 branch of Neosho r., Indian Ter. — Dor- 

 sey, Osage MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1883. 



Health and Disease. There is little evi- 

 dence to show what diseases prevailed 

 among the Indians n. of Mexico prior to 

 the advent of white people. The tra- 

 ditions of the Indians, the existence 

 among them of elaborate healing rites of 

 undoubtedly ancient origin, their plant- 

 lore, in which curative properties are 

 attributed to many vegetal substances, and 

 the presence among them of a numerous 

 class of professed healers, honored, feared, 

 and usually well paid, would seem to indi- 

 cate that diseases were not rare, but actual 

 knowledge and even tradition as to their 

 nature are wanting. The condition of the 

 skeletal remains, the testimony of early 

 observers, and the present state of some 

 of the tribes in this regard, warrant the 

 conclusion that on the whole the Indian 

 race was a comparatively healthy one. It 

 was probably spared at least some of the 

 epidemics and diseases of the Old World, 

 such as smallpox and rachitis, while other 

 scourges, such as tuberculosis, syphilis 

 (precolumbian), typhus, cholera, scarlet 

 fever, cancer, etc., were rare, if occurring 

 at all. Taking into consideration the 

 warlike nature of many of the tribes and 

 the evidence presented by their bones 

 (especially the skulls), injuries, etc., 

 particularly those received by offensive 

 weapons, must have been common, al- 

 though fractures are less frequent than 

 among white people. 



At the time of the discovery the In- 

 dians on the whole were probably slowly 

 increasing in numbers. Frequent wars, 

 however, had a marked effect in limiting 

 this increase. Since their contact with 

 whites most of the tril)es have gradually 

 diminished in strength, while some of 

 the smaller tribes have disappeared en- 

 tirely. Very few tribes have shown an in- 

 crease or even maintained their former 

 numbers. The most remarkable example 

 of steady gain is the Navaho tribe. The 

 causes of decrease were the introduction 

 of diseases (particularly smallpox), the 

 spread of alcoholism, syishilis, and especi- 

 ally tuberculosis, destructive wars with 

 the whites, and increased mortality due to 

 changes in the hal )its of the people through 

 the encroachment of civilization. Dur- 

 ing recent years a slow augmentation in 

 population has been noticed among a 

 numV)er of tribes, and as more attention 

 is paid to the hygienic conditions of the 

 Indians, an increase comparable to that 

 in whites may be expected in many sec- 

 tions. The least hopeful conditions in 

 this respect prevail among the Dakota 

 and other tribes of the colder northern 

 regions, where pulmonary tuberculosis 

 and scrofula are verj' common. (See 

 Population.) 



While preserving nuich of their robust 

 constitution, the Indians — particularly 

 those of mixed blood — are at present 

 subject to many disorders and diseases 

 known to the whites, although the pure 

 bloods are still free from most of the 

 serious morbid conditions and tendencies 

 due to defective inheritance. They suffer 

 little from insanity, idiocy, and rachitis. 

 Cretinism is exceedingly rare, and gen- 

 eral paresis, with a large number of 

 serious nervous affections, has not yet 

 been recorded among them. Diseases of 

 the heart, arteries, and veins, serious 

 affection of the liver and kidneys, 

 as well as typhoid and scarlet fever are 

 infrequent. Congenital malformations 

 are very rare, although it is commonly 

 heard among the Indians themselves that 

 they do sometimes occur, but that the 

 afflicted infants are not allowed to live. 

 Fractures, and diseases of the bones in 

 general, as well as dental caries, are less 

 frequent than among the whites. There 

 is considerable doubt whether cancer 

 occurs in any form. Venereal diseases, 

 while predominant among the more de- 

 grade<l Indians, are more or less effectu- 

 ally guarded against by others. 



The most common disorders of health 

 now experienced among Indians gener- 

 ally are those of the gastro-intestinal 

 tract, which in infancy are due to im- 

 proper feeding and particularly to the 

 univei'sal consumption of raw, unripe 

 fruit and vegetables, and in later life to 

 the lack of or overindulgence in food, 



