BULL. 30] 



HOPI 



561 



neyed 28 leagues from Zufii to the first of 

 the Hopi pueblos in 4 days. The Mohoce, 

 or Mohace, of this explorer consisted of 

 5 large villages, the population of one of 

 which, Aguato (Ahuato, Zaguato=Awa- 

 tobi) he estimated at 50,000, a figure 

 perhaps 25 times too' great. The names 

 of the other towns are not given. The 

 natives had evidently forgotten the horses 

 of Tobar and Cardenas of 43 years before, 

 as they now became frightened at these 

 strange animals. The Hopi presented 

 Espejo with quantitiesof cotton ' ' towels, ' ' 

 perhaps kilts, for which they were cele- 

 brated then as now. 



The next Spaniard to visit the "Moho- 

 qui" was Juan de Oiiate, governor and 

 colonizer of New Mexico, who took pos- 

 session of the country and made the In- 

 dians swear to oViedience and vassalage on 

 Nov. 15, 1598. Their spiritual w-elfare was 

 assigned to Fray Juan de Claros, although 

 no active missions were established 

 among the Hopi until nearly a generation 

 later. The 5 villages at this time, so far 

 as it is possible to determine them, were 

 Aguato or Aguatuybd (Awatobi), Gaspe 

 (Gualpe=Walpi), Comupavi or Xumu- 

 pami (Shongopovi), ^lajanani (Mishong- 

 novi), and Olalla or Naybf (Oraibi). 



The first actual missionary work under- 

 taken among the Hopi was in 1629, on 

 Aug. 20 of which year Francisco de Por- 

 ras, Andres Gutierrez, Cristobal de la 

 Concepcion, and Francisco de San Buena- 

 ventura, escorted by 12 soldiers, reached 

 Awatobi, where the mission of San Ber- 

 nardino was founded in honor of the day, 

 followed by the establishment of missions 

 also at Waipi, Shongopovi, Mishongnovi, 

 and Oraibi. Porras was poisoned by the 

 natives of Awatobi in 1633. All the 

 Hopi missions seem to have led a preca- 

 rious existence until 1680, when in the 

 general Pueblo revolt of that year four 

 resident missionaries were killed and the 

 churches destroyed. Henceforward no 

 attempt was made to reestablish any of 

 the missions save that of Awatobi in 

 1700, which so incensed the other Hopi 

 that they fell upon it in the night, kill- 

 ing many of its ])eople and compelling 

 its permanent abandonment. Before the 

 rebellion Mishongnovi and Walpi had 

 become reduced to visitas of the missions 

 of Shongopovi and Oraibi respectively. 

 At the time of the outbreak the popula- 

 tion of Awatobi was given as 800, Shongo- 

 povi 500, and Walpi 1,200. Oraibi, it is 

 said, had 14,000 gentiles before their con- 

 version, l)ut that they were consumed 

 by pestilence. This number is doubtless 

 greatly exaggerated. 



The pueblos of Walpi, Mishongnovi, 

 and Shongopovi, situated in the foothills, 

 were probably abandoned about the time 

 of the Pueblo rebellion, and new villages 



l)nilton theadjacent mesas forthe purpose 

 of defen.se against the Sjianiards, whose 

 vengeance was needlessly feared. The 

 reconquest of the New" Mexican pueblos 

 led many of their inhal)itants to seek 

 l^rotection among the Hopi toward the 

 close of the 17th century. Some of these 

 built the pueblo of Payupki, on the j\Iid- 

 dle mesa, but were taken back and set- 

 tled in Sandia about the middle of the 

 18th centurv. About the vear 1700 Hano 



WIKI, CHIEF OF THE SNAKE SOCIETV; PUEBLO OF WALI I 



(vROMAN, Photo. ) 



was established on the East mesa, near 

 Walpi, by Tewa from near Abiquiu, 

 N. Mex., who came on the invitation of 

 theWalpians. Here they have lived unin- 

 terruptedly, and although they have inter- 

 married extensively with the Hopi, they 

 retain their native speech and many of 

 their distinctive tribal rites and customs. 

 Two other pueblos, Sichomovi on the 

 First mesa, built by Asa clans (q. v. ) 



Bull. 30—05- 



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