564 



HOPl 



[b. a. e. 



rado, w. to Flagstaff, Ariz., s. to the Verde 

 valley, Toiito ba^in, and the Rio Gila, 

 and E. to the Rio Grande in New Mexico. 

 Therefore, although Shoshonean in lan- 

 guage, the present Hopi population and 

 culture are composite, made up of accre- 

 tions from widely divergent sources and 

 from people of different linguistic stocks. 

 Some of the Hopi ruins have been ex- 

 plored by the Bureau of American Eth- 

 nology, the National Museum, and the 

 Field Museum of Natural History. One 

 of the most celebrated of these is Awatobi 

 (q. V. ) on Jeditoh or Antelope mesa, the 

 walls of whose mission church, built prob- 

 ably in 1629, are still partly standing. 



Sikyatki (q.v. ), another large and now 

 well-known ruin, in the foot-hills of the 

 East mesa, was occupied in prehistoric 

 times by Kokop clans of Keresan jieople 

 from the Rio Grande country. They had 

 attained a highly artistic development as 

 exhibited by their jjottery, which is prob- 

 ably the finest ware ever manufactured by 

 Indians n. of Mexico. 



The original clans of Walpi are said to 

 have occupied three sites after their ar- 

 rival in the Hopi country, setthng Urst 

 on the terrace w. of the East mesa, then 

 higher up and toward the s. , where the 

 foundation walls of a Spanish mission 

 church can still be traced. From this 

 point they moved to the present Walpi 

 on the summit of the mesa, apparently 

 soon after the Pueblo revolt of 1680. See 

 Kisalohi, Kuchapturela. 



Payupki, a picturesque ruin on the 

 Middle mesa, was settled by Tanoan 

 people (apparently Tigua) about the year 

 1700 and abandoned about 1742, when the 

 inhabitants were taken back to the Rio 

 Grande and settled at Sandia. 



Chukubi, a prehistoric pueblo midway 

 between Payupki and Shupaulovi, also 

 on the Middle mesa, was built probably 

 by southern clans whose descendants form 

 most of the present population of the 

 Middle mesa villages. 



Old Shongopovi lay in the foot-hills at 

 the base of the Middle mesa, below the 

 present pueblo of that name. This town 

 was inhabited at the time of the Spanish 

 advent, and near it was built a church 

 the walls of which, up to a few years ago, 

 served as a sheep corral. Its original in- 

 habitants came from the Little Colorado 

 valley. 



The ruins of Old Mishongnovi are on 

 the terrace below the present pueblo. 

 Its walls are barely traceable. From 

 its cemetery beautiful pottery, resembling 

 that of Sikyatki, has been exhumed. 



Some of the most important ruins of 

 the Hopi country are situated on the rim 

 of Antelope mesa, not far from Awatobi, 

 and are remains of Keresan pueblos. 

 Among these are Kawaika and Chakpa- 



hu. In the same neighborhood are the 

 ruins of Kokopki, once occupied by the 

 Wood clan, originally from Jemez. North 

 of the present Hopi mesas are ruins at 

 Kishuba, where the Kachina clan once 

 lived, and at Lengyanobi, the home of the 

 Flute people. The ruins along the lower 

 Little Colorado, near Black falls, known 

 as Wukoki, and those called Homolobi, 

 near Winslow, are likewise claimed by 

 the Hopi as the homes of ancestral clans. 

 Wukoki may have been inhabited by the 

 Snake people, while the inhabitants of 

 Homolobi were related to southern clans 

 that went to Walpi and Zuni. 



Characteristics and customs. — The Hopi 

 are rather small of stature, but muscular 

 and agile. Both sexes have reddish- 

 brown skin, high cheek-bones, straight 

 broad nose, slanting eyes, and large 

 mouths with gentle expression. As a 

 rule the occiput exhibits cradle-board 

 flattening (see Artificial head deforma- 

 tion). The proportion of albinos is 

 large. The hair is usually straight and 

 black, but in some individuals it is 

 brownish and in others it is wavy. The 

 hair of the men is commonly "banged" 

 in front or cut in "terraces"; the long 

 hair behind is gathered in a sort of short 

 queue and tied at the neck. The ma- 

 trons wear their hair in two coils which 

 hang in front. On reaching puberty the 

 girls dress their hair in whorls at the sides 

 of the head, in imitation of the squash 

 blossom, the symbol of fertility (see illus- 

 tration). The women tend to corpulency 

 and age rapidly; they are prolific, but 

 the infant mortality is very great (see 

 Heallli and Disease). Boys and girls usu- 

 ally have fine features, and the latter 

 mature early, often being married at the 

 age of 15 or 16 years. Bachelors and 

 spinsters are rare. A few men dress as 

 women and perform women's work. 



In mental traits the Hopi are the 

 equal of any Indian tribe. They possess 

 a highly artistic sense, exhibited by 

 their pottery, basketry, and weaving. 

 They are industrious, imitative, keen in 

 bargaining, have some inventive genius, 

 and are quick of perception. Among 

 themselves they are often merry, greatly 

 appreciating jests and practical jokes. 

 They rarely forget a kindness or an in- 

 jury, and often act from impulse and in 

 a childlike way. They are tractable, 

 docile, hospitable, and frugal, and have 

 always sought to be peaceable, as their 

 tribal name indicates. They believe in 

 witchcraft, and recognize many omens of 

 good and bad. 



The Hopi are monogamists, and as a 

 rule are faithful in their marital rela- 

 tions. Murder is unknown, theft is rare, 

 and lying is universally condemned. 

 Children are respectful and obedient to 



