BULL. 30] 



HOP! 



565 



their elders and are never flogged except 

 when ceremonially initiated as kachinas. 

 From their earliest years they are taught 

 industry and the necessity of leading up- 

 right lives. 



The clothing of the Hopi men consists 

 of a calico shirt and short pantaloons, and 

 breechcloth, moccasins, and hair bands. 

 Bracelets, necklaces of shell, turquoise, or 

 silver, and earrings, are commonly worn. 



IJOPI MAIDEN. (mOONEY, PHOTO. ) 



The women wear a dark-blue woolen 

 blanket of native weave, tied with an em- 

 broidered l)elt, and a calico manta or 

 shawl over one shoulder; their moccasins, 

 which are worn only occasionally, are 

 made of ox-hide and buckskin, like those 

 of the men, to which are attached leg- 

 gings of the same material, but now often 

 replaced by sheepskin. The ear-pend- 

 ants of the women and girls consist of 

 small wooden disks, ornamented with 

 turquoise mosaic on one side. Small 



children generally run about naked, and 

 old men while working in the fields or 

 taking part in ceremonies divest them- 

 selves of all clothing except the breech- 

 cloth. 



The governing body of the Hopi is a 

 council of hereditary clan elders and 

 chiefs of religious fraternities. Among 

 these ofticials there is recognized a speaker 

 chief and a war chief, but there has never 

 been a supreme chief of all the Hopi. 

 Following ancient custom, various activi- 

 ties inhere in certain clans; for instance, 

 one clan controls the warrior society, 

 while another observes the sun and deter- 

 mines the calendar. Each pueblo has 

 an hereditary village chief, who directs 

 certain necessary communal work, such 

 as the cleaning of springs, etc. There 

 seems to be no punishment for crime ex- 

 cept sorcery, to which, under Hopi law, 

 all transgressions may be reduced. No 

 punishmentof a witch or wizard is known 

 to have been inflicted at Walpi in recent 

 years, but there are traditions of impris- 

 onment and of the significant and myste- 

 rious disappearance of those accused of 

 witchcraft in former times. 



The Hopi possess a rich mythology and 

 folklore, inherited from a remote past. 

 They recognize a large number of super- 

 natural beings, the identification of which 

 is sometimes most difficult. Their my- 

 thology is poetic and highly imaginative, 

 and their ))hilosophy replete with incon- 

 sistency. Their songs and prayers, some of 

 which are in foreign languages, as the Ker- 

 esan and Tewa, are sometimes very beauti- 

 ful. They have peculiar marriage cus- 

 toms, and elaborate rites in which chil- 

 dren are dedicated to the sun. The bodies 

 of the dead are sewed in blankets and de- 

 posited with food offerings among the 

 rocks of the mesas. The Hopi believe in a 

 future life in an underworld, but have no 

 idea of future punishment. They smoke 

 straight pipes in ceremonies, but on secu- 

 lar occasions prefer cigarettes of tobacco 

 wrapped in corn-husks. They never in- 

 vented an intoxicating drink, and until 

 within recent years none of them had 

 any desire for such. Although they 

 have seasons of ceremonial gaming, they 

 do not gamble; and they have no oaths, 

 but many, especially among the elders, 

 are garrulous and fond of gossip. 



Maize being the basis of their subsist- 

 ence, agriculture is the principal industry 

 of the Hopi. On the average 2,500 acres 

 are yearly planted in this cereal, the 

 yield in 1904 being estimated at 25,000 

 bushels. Perhaps one-third of the annual 

 crop is preserved in event of future fail- 

 ure through drought or other causes. 

 There are also about 1,000 acres in peach 

 orchards and 1,500 acres in beans, melons, 

 squashes, pumpkins, onions, chile, sun- 



