BULL. 30] 



HOPI 



567 



ceremonies. The number of subordinate 

 supernatural personages is almost unlim- 

 ited. These are known as "kachinas," 

 a term referring to the magic power inher- 

 ent in every natural object for good or 

 for bad. Many of these kachinas are 

 personations of clan ancestors, others are 

 simply beings of unknown relationship 

 but endowed with magic powers. Each 

 kachina possesses individual character- 

 istics, and is represented in at least six 

 different symbolic colors. The world- 

 quarters, or six cardinal points, play an 

 important role in Hopi mythology and 

 ritual. Fetishes, amulets, charms, and 

 mascots are commonly used to insure luck 

 in daily occupations, and for health and 

 success in hunting, racing, gaming, and 

 secular performances. The Hopi cere- 

 monial calendar consists of a number of 

 monthly festivals, ordinarily of 9 days' 

 duration, of which the first 8 are devoted 

 to secret rites in kivas (q. v. ) or in rooms 

 set apart for that purpose, the final day be- 

 ing generally devoted to a spectacular pub- 

 lic ceremony or ' 'dance. ' ' Every great fes- 

 tival is held under the auspices of a special 

 religious fraternity or fraternities, and is 

 accompanied with minor events indicating 

 a former duration of 20 days. Among 

 the most important religious fraternities 

 are the Snake, Antelope, Flute, Sun, Lala- 

 kontu, Owakultu, Mamzrautu, Kachina, 

 Tataukyamu, Wuwuchimtu, Aaltu, Kwa- 

 kwautu, and Kalektaka. There are also 

 other organized priesthoods, as the Yaya 

 and the Poshwympkia, whose functions 

 are mainly those of doctors or healers. 

 Several ancient priesthoods, known by 

 the names Koyimsi, Paiakyamu, and 

 Chukuwympkia, function as clowns or 

 fun-makers during the sacred dances of 

 the Kachinas. The ceremonial year is 

 divided into two parts, every great cere- 

 mony having a major and a minor per- 

 formance occurring about 6 months apart; 

 and every 4 years, when initiations occur, 

 most cerem onies are celebrated in extenso. 

 The so-called Snake and Flute dances are 

 performed biennially at all the puel)los 

 except Sichomovi and Hano, and alter- 

 nate with each other. Ceremonies are 

 also divided into those with masked and 

 those with unmasked participants, the 

 former, designated kachinas, extending 

 from January to July, the latter occurring 

 in the remaining months of the year. 

 The chief of each fraternity has a badge 

 of his office and conducts both the secret 

 and the open features of the ceremony. 

 The fetishes and idols used in the sacred 

 rites are owned ))ythe priesthood and are 

 arranged by its chief in temporary altars 

 (q. v.), in front oi which dry-paintings 

 (q. V. ) are made. The Hopi ritual is 

 extraordinarily complex and time-con- 

 suming, and the paraphernalia required 



is extensive. Although the Hopi cultus 

 has become highly modified by a semi- 

 arid environment, it consisted originally 

 of ancestor worship, embracing worship 

 of the great powers of nature — sky, sun, 

 moon, fire, rain, and earth. A confusion 

 of effect and cause and an elaboration of 

 the doctrine of signatures pervade all their 

 rites, which in the main may be regarded 

 as symiaathetic magic. 



Consult Dorsey and Voth in the publi- 

 cations of the Field Columbian Museum; 

 Fewkes in Reports of the Bureau of Amer- 

 ican Ethnology and in various papers in 

 the American Anthropologist, the Journal 

 of American Folk-lore, and the Journal 

 of American Ethnology and Archaeology; 

 Mindeleff in 8th Rep. B. A. E., 1891. See 

 Pueblos, Shoshonean, and the pueblos above 

 named. (j. w. f. ) 



A-ar-ke.— White, MS. Hist. Apaches, B. A. E., 

 1875 (Apache name). Ah-mo-kai.— Eaton in 

 Schoolcraft, Ind. T-ibes, iv, Ii21, Ls,>i (Zuniname). 

 Ai-yah-kin-nee.— Ibid., 220 ( Xavaho name). Alo- 

 qui,— Escahinte (1775-1776) quoted by Bancroft, 

 Ariz, and N. Mex., 185, 1889. Amaq'ues.— Short, 

 N. Am. of Antiq., 332, 1880 (wrong identification). 

 Amaqui. — Ibid. A'moekwikwe. — ten Kate, Reizen 

 in N. Am., 204, 1885 (■ smallpox-folk ' : Zuni 

 name). A-mo-kini.— Bowman in Ind. Aff. Rep., 

 136, 1884 i^Zufii name; 'kini'=i-i(je, 'people'). 

 A-mo;kwi.— Vandever in Ind. Aff. Rep., 168, 1890 

 (Zuiii name). A'-mu-kwi-kwe. — ten Kate, Synon- 

 ymie, 7, 1884 ('smallpox people': Zuiii name). 

 Asay,— Bustamante and Gallegos (1.582) in Doc. 

 InM., XV, 86, 1871 (also Osav, p. 93). Bokeai.— 

 Hodge, field notes, B. A. E., 1895 (Sandia Tigua 

 name). Buhk'herk, — Ibid. (Isleta Tigua name 

 for Tusayan). Bukin.— Ibia. (Isleta name for the 

 people). Chinouns.— Hoffman in Bull. Soc. d'An- 

 throp. Paris, '206, 1883 ( = 'Moquis de I'Arizona'). 

 Ci-njru-miih. — Fewkes in Jour. Am. Folk-lore, V, 

 33, 1892 ('people': own name; c=sh). Cummoa- 

 qui. — Viceroy Monterey (ca. 1602) in Doc. In6d., 

 XVI, 60, 1871. Cummooqui, — Viceroy Monterey 

 cited by Dure, Don Diego de Pefialosa, 24, 1882. 

 E-ar'-ke. — White, Apache Names of Ind. Tribes, 

 MS., B. A. E., 2, n. d. ( = ' live high up on top 

 of the mesas': Apache name). Eyakini dine. — 

 Gatschet, MS., B. A. E. (Navaho name). Ha- 

 pe-ka.— Hodge, Arizona, 169, 1877 ( = Hepekya- 

 kwe, 'excrement people': a Zufii name). Hapi- 

 tus.— Bowman in Ind. Aff. Rep., 136, 1884 (given 

 as their own name). Ho-pees. — Dellenbaugh in 

 Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 170, 1877 ('our peo- 

 ple': own name). Hopi. — Fewkes in Am. An- 

 throp., V, 9, 1892. Eopii. — Bourke, Moquis of 

 Ariz., 117, 1884 (own name). Hopite. — ten Kate, 

 Reizen in N. Am., '2.59, 1885 ('the good ones?': 

 own name). Hopitii.— Ibid. Hopitub. — Minde- 

 leff in 8th Rep. B. A. E., 17, 1891 (own name). 

 Ho-pi-tiih-ci'-nu-muh. — Fewkes in Am. Anthrop., 

 V, 9, 1892 ('peaceful people': own name; c=sh). 

 Ho-pi-tiih-ci-nyu-miih. — Fewkes in Jour. Am. Folk- 

 lore, v,33,189'2. Ho-pi-tuh-lei-nyu-muh. — Donald- 

 son, Moqui Pueblo Inds., 13, 1893 (misprint). 

 Eupi. — Lummis quoted bv Donaldson, ibid., 71. 

 Joso.— Fewkes in 19th Rep. B. A. E., 612, 1900 

 (Tewa name). Khoso.— Hodge cited in 17th Rep. 

 B. A. E., 642, 1898 ^Santa Clara name). Koco.— 

 Fewkes in 17th Rep. B. A. E., 64'2, 1898 (Hano 

 Tewa name; c=sh). Koso, — Ibid. K'o-so-o. — 

 Hodge, field notes, B. A. E., 1895 (San Ildefonso 

 Tewa name). Maastoetsjkwe, — ten Kate, Reizen 

 in N. Am.. 260, 1885 ('the land of MAsawe,' god 

 of the earth: given as the nameof theircountry). 

 Macueques. — Arricivita, Cronica Serftfica, n, 424, 

 1792 (probably identical). Magui.— Ten Broeck 

 in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, iv, 81, 1854 (misprint) , 

 Makis.— Bowman in Ind. Aff. Rep., 136, 1884. 

 Maqui.— Venegas, Hist. Cal., n, 194, 17.59. Mas- 

 tutc'-kwe,— ten Kate, Synonymie, 6, 1884 ('the 



