BILL. 301 



HUNTLATIN HUPA 



581 



striking, bruising, or breaking bones, in- 

 cluding stones held in the hands, clubs 

 with grips, and hard objects at the end 

 of a line or handle, like a slung shot. 

 The N. Paciiic tribes took great pains 

 with their clubs, carving on them their 

 symbolism. 



(4) Slashing or stabbing with edged 

 weapons. The Indians had little to do 

 with metals and were given almost alto- 

 gether to the use of stone, bone, reeds, 

 and wood for stabbing and slashing. 

 Both chipped and ground weapons were 

 used, either without a handle, with agrip, 

 or at the end of a shaft. Every Eskimo 

 had a quiver of daggers for use at close 

 quarters, and so had the Indian his side 

 arms. Edged weapons, however, 'were 

 not so common as the weapons of the 

 next class. 



(5) Hunting with piercing weapons, 

 the most common of all Indian methods 

 of taking animals. The implements in- 

 clude the pointed stick or stone, the lance, 

 the spear, the harpoon, and the arrow 

 (q. v. ). Weapons of this class were held 

 in the hand, hurled from the hand, shot 

 from a bow or a blowgun, or slung from 

 the throwing stick. Each of the varie- 

 ties went through a multitude of transfor- 

 mations, depending on game, materials 

 at hand, the skill of the maker, etc. 



(6) The use of traps, pits, and snares 

 (see Traps). The Tenankutchin of 

 Alaska capture deer, moose, and caribou 

 by means of a brush fence, extended many 

 miles, in which at intervals snares are 

 set; and the same custom was practised 

 by many other tribes in hunting the 

 larger game. The Plains tribes and the 

 ancient Pueblos captured deer, antelope, 

 and wolves by means of pitfalls. 



( 7 ) Capturing game by means of dogs 

 or other hunting animals. Indian tribes, 

 with lew exceptions, had no liunting dogs 

 regularly trained to pursue game, but the 

 common dog was very efficient. Fowls 

 of the air, marine animals, and especially 

 carnivorous animals, such as the coyote, 

 by their noises and movements gave the 

 cue which aided the cunning and obser- 

 vant hunter to identify, locate, and follow 

 his game. (See Domes(lcatioi). ) 



(8) Hunting by means of fire and 

 smoke. In America, as throughout the 

 world, as soon as men came into posses- 

 sion of fire the conquest of the animal 

 kingdom was practically assured. The 

 Indians used smoke to drive animals out 

 of hiding, torches to dazzle the eyes of 

 deer and to attract fish and birds to their 

 canoes, and firebrands and prairie fires 

 for game drives. 



(9) Taking animals by means of drugs. 

 The bark of walnut root served to asphyxi- 

 ate fish in fresh-water pools in the South- 



ern states; in other sections soap root 

 and buckeyes were used. 



In connection with hunting processes 

 there were accessory activities in which 

 the Indian had to be versed. There were 

 foods to eat and foods tabued, clothing 

 and masks to wear, shelters and hiding 

 places to provide, and not only must the 

 hunter be familiar with calls, imitations, 

 decoys, whistles, and the like, but ac- 

 quainted with the appropriate hunting 

 songs, ceremonies, and fetishes, and with 

 formulas for every act in the process, the 

 time for the chase of the various animals, 

 the laws for the division of game, and the 

 clan names connected with hunting. Be- 

 sides, there were numberless employments 

 and conveniences associated therewith. 

 In order to use the harpoon it was neces- 

 sary to have a canoe, and with every 

 method of hunting were connected other 

 employments which taxed the ingenuity 

 of the savage mind. There were also 

 certain activities which were the result of 

 hunting. Questions presented themselves 

 regarding transportation, receptacles, the 

 discrimination of useful species, and the 

 construction of fences. A slight knowl- 

 edge of anatomy was necessary in order 

 to know where to strike and how to cut 

 up game. All these gave excellent train- 

 ing in perception, skill, and coojierative 

 effort. See Buffalo, Fishing, Food, Fur 

 trade, Horse, etc., and the various sub- 

 jects above referred to. 



Consult Allen, Rep. on Alaska, 138, 

 1885; Boas, Central Eskimo, 6th Rep. B. 

 A. E., 1888; Catlin, N. A. Inds., i-ii, 1844; 

 Dixon in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xvii, 

 pt. 3, 1905; Hoffman, Menomini Inds., 

 14th Rep. B. A. E., 1896; Mason, various 

 articles in Rep. Smithson. Inst, and Nat. 

 Mus.; Maximilian, Travels, 1849; Mur- 

 doch, Ethnological Results of the Point 

 Barrow Exped., 9th Rep. B. A. E., 1892; 

 Nelson, Eskimo about Bering Strait, 18th 

 Rep. B. A. E., 1899; Schoolcraft, Indian 

 Tribes, i-vi, 1851-57. (o. t. m.) 



Huntlatin. A division of the Tenan- 

 kutchin on Tanana r., Alaska. 

 Hautlatin. — Dawson (after Allen) in Rep. Geol. 

 Surv. Can., 203b, 1887. Huntlatin.— Allen, Rep. 

 on Alaska, 137, 1887. 



Hunxapa. A former Chumashan village 

 near Santa Barbara, Cal. 

 Huixapa.— Bancroft, Nat. Races, I, 459, 1874. 

 Hunxapa.— Taylor in Cal. Farmer, Apr. 24, 1863. 



Huocom. A former Costanoan village 

 near Santa Cruz mission, Cal. — Taylor in 

 Cal. Farmer, Apr. 5, 1860. 



Hupa. An Athapascan tribe formerly 

 occupying the valley of Trinity r., Cal., 

 from South fork to its junction with 

 the Klamath, including Hupa valley. 

 They were first mentioned by Gibbs in 

 1852; a military post was established in 

 their territory in 1855 and maintained 



