BULL. 30] 



HUPA 



583 



to make, only about 3 ft long, strength- 

 ened with sinew fastened to the back 

 with sturgeon glue, were effective up to 

 75 yds. and could inflict a serious wound 

 at 100 yds. Their arrows, made of sy- 

 ringa shoots wound with sinew, into 

 which foreshaftsof juneberry wood were 

 inserted, feathered with three split hawk 

 feathers and pointed with sharp heads 

 of obsidian, flint, bone, or iron, some- 

 times passed entirely through a deer. 

 The hunter, disguised in the skin of the 

 deer or elk, the odor of his l)ody removed 

 byaltlution and smoking with green fir 

 boughs, simulated so perfectly the move- 

 ments of the animal in order to get with- 

 in bowshot that a panther sometimes 

 pounced upon his liack, but withdrew 

 when he felt the sharp pins that, for the 

 very purpose of warding off such an at- 

 tack, were thrust through the man's hair 

 gathered in a bunch at the back of the 

 neck. The Hupa took deer also with 

 snares of a strong rope made from the 

 fiber of the iris, or chased them into the 

 water with dogs and pursued them in 

 canoes. Meat was roasted before the fire 

 or on the coals or incased in the stomach 

 and buried in the ashes until cooked, or 

 was boiled in water-tight baskets by drop- 

 ping in hot stones. Meat and fish were 

 preserved by smoking. Salmon were 

 caught in latticed weirs stretched across 

 the river ^r in seines or poundnets, or 

 were speared witli barljs that detached 

 but were made fast to the ])ole l)y lines. 

 Dried acorns wereground into flour, leach- 

 ed in a pit to extract the bitter taste, and 

 boiled into a mush. 



The men wore ordinarily a breechclout 

 of deerskin or of skins of small animals 

 joined together, and leggings of ])ainted 

 deerskin with the seam in front hidden 

 by a fringe that hung from the top, which 

 was turned down at the knee. Moccasins 

 of deerskin with soles of elk hide were 

 sometimes worn. The dance robes of 

 the men were made of two deerskins sewn 

 together along one side, the necks meet- 

 ing over the left shoulder and the tails 

 nearly touching the ground. Panther 

 skins were sometimes used. The hair 

 was tied into two clubs, one hanging d<jwn 

 on each side of the head, or into one 

 which hung behind. Bands of deer- 

 skin, sometimes ornamented with wood- 

 peckers' crests, were worn about the head 

 in dances, and occasionally feathers or 

 feathered darts were stuck in the hair. 

 The nose was not pierced, but in the ears 

 were often worn dentalium shells with 

 tassels of woodpeckers' feathers. A quiver 

 of handsome skin filled with arrows was 

 a part ot gala dress, and one of plain 

 buckskin or a skin pouch or sack of net- 

 ting was carried as a pocket for small 

 articles. Women wore a skirt of deer- 



skin reaching to the knees, with a long, 

 thick fringe hanging below and a short 

 fringe at the waist. When soiled it was 

 washed with the soap plant. At the 

 opening of the skirt in front an apron 

 was worn underneath. The skirts worn 

 in dances were ornamented with strings 

 of shell beads, pieces of abalone shell, 

 and flakes of obsidian fastened to the 

 upper and of shells of pine nuts inserted 

 at intervals in the lower fringe. The 

 apron for common wear was made of long 

 strands of pine-nut shells and braided 

 leaves attached to a l)elt. The dance 

 aprons had strands of shells and pendants 

 cut from abalone shells. Small dentalium 

 and olivella shells, jMne-nut shells, and 

 small black fruits were strung for neck- 

 laces. A robe of deerskin or of wildcat fur 

 was worn with the hair next to the body 

 as a protection against the cold and in 

 rainy weather with the hair sid out. The 

 head covering was a cap of fine basket 

 work, which jirotected the forehead from 

 the carrying strap whereby burdens and 

 baljy Ijaskets were borne. Women, ex- 

 ce])t widows, wore their hair long and 

 tied in queues that hung down in front 

 of the ears, and were ornamented with 

 strips of mink skin, sometimes covered 

 with woodpeckers' crests, and shell pen- 

 dants, and sometimes perfumed with 

 stems of yerl)a buena. From their ears 

 hung pendants of abalone shell attached 

 to twine. All adult women were tattooed 

 with vertical black marks on the chin 

 and sometimes curved marks were added 

 at the corners of the mouth. 



The imagination of the Hupa has peo- 

 pled the regions e., w., s., and above with 

 mortals known as Kihunai. The under- 

 world is the abode of the dead. Their 

 creator or culture hero, Yimantuwingyai,- 

 dwells with Kihunai across the ocean to- 

 ward the N. A salmon feast is held by the 

 southern divison in the spring and an 

 acorn feast by the northern division in 

 the fall. They formerly celebrated three 

 dances each year: the spring dance, the 

 white-deerskin dance, and the jumping 

 dance. They have a large and varied 

 folklore and many very interesting med- 

 icine formulas. See Goddard, Life and 

 Culture of the Hupa, Univ. Cal. Pub. , 1903; 

 Hupa Texts, ibid. , 1904. ( p. e. g. ) 



Cha'parahihu. — A. L. Kroeber, inf'n, 1903 (Shasta 

 name). Hich'hu. — Kroeber, inf'n, 1903 (Chima- 

 riko name). Hoopa.— Gatschet in Beach, Ind. 

 Miscel.. 440, 1877. Hoo-pah. — Gibbs in Schoolcraft, 

 Ind. Tribes, in, 139, 1853. Ho-pah.— Gibbs. MS., 

 B. A. E., 18.52. Hupa.— Powers in Cont. N. A. 

 Ethnol.,iii 73, 1877. Hupo.— Gatschet in Beach, 

 Ind. Miscel.. 440, 1877. Kishakevira. — Kroeber, 

 inf'n, 1903(Karok name). Nabiltse. — Gibbs, Na- 

 biltse MS. vocab., B. A. E., 18-57 (trans, 'man'). 

 Nabil-tse.— Gibbs in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, ill, 

 423, 18.53. Nabittse.— Latham in Proe. Philol. 

 Soc. Lond., VI, S4. 1854. Natano. — Rav in Am. 

 Nat., 832, 1886. Noh-tin-oah.— Azricll, MS., B. A. E. 

 (own name). Num-ee-muss. — Ibid. ( Ytirokname). 

 Trinity Indians.— McKec (1851) in Sen. Ex. Doc. 



