BULL. 30] 



ILLUMINATION 



599 



the nose of the offending; woman, and as 

 the men were very jealous, this punish- 

 ment wasoften inflicted i >n mere suspit-ion. 



It was not the custom of the Ilhnois, at 

 the time the whites first became acquaint- 

 ed with them, to bury their dead. The 

 body was wrapped in skins and attached 

 by the feet and head to trees. There is 

 reason, however, to Itelieve, from discov- 

 eries that have been made in mounds 

 and ancient graves, which appear to be 

 attributable to some of the Illinois tribes, 

 that the skeletons, after the flesh had 

 rotted away, were buried, often in rude 

 stone sepulchers. Prisoners of war were 

 usually sold to other tribes. 



According to Hennepin, the cabins of 

 the more northerly tribes were made like 

 long arbors and covered with double mats 

 of flat flags or rushes, so well sewed that 

 they were never penetrated by wind, 

 snow, or rain. To each cabin were 4 or 

 5 fires, and to each fire 2 families, indi- 

 cating that each dwelling housed some 8 

 or 10 families. Their towns were not 

 inclosed. 



The villages of the confederacy noted in 

 history are Cahokia (mission), Immacu- 

 late Conception (mission), Kaskaskia, 

 Matchinkoa, Moingwena, Peoria, and 

 Pimitoui. (j. M. c. t. ) 



Abimiouec. — Doc. of 1660 in Margrv, Dec., I, 54, 

 1875 ((;=/). AbimiSec— Jes. Kel. 1660, 12, 1S.58 

 (b = l). Alimouek. — Ibid., 1667, 21. Alimouk. — 

 Ibid., Ill, index, ly5S. Aliniouek.— Ibid., 1658, 21. 

 AliniSek. — Ibid., 1660, 12 (correftion in errata). 

 Alinouecks. — Coxe, Carcilana, 19, 1741. AUinou- 

 ecks. — Ibid., 49. Chicktaghicks. — Golden (1727), 

 Five Nations, oO, 1747 (Iroquoi.s name). Chictag- 

 hicks.— Smith in Williams, Vermont, I, 501, 1809. 

 Chigtaghcicks. — Golden, op. cit., 31. Chiktachiks. — 

 Homann, map, 1756. Eriniouai. — Jes. Rel. 1640, 35, 

 18'>S. Eriniwek. — Ibid., III. index, 1858. Geghdag- 

 eghroano. — Pdst (17.5S) in Proud, Pa., ll,app., 113, 

 179S. Geghtigeghrooues. — Ganajoharieconf. (1759) 

 in N. Y. Di)C. Gol. Hist., vu, 384, 1.S55. Hilini.— 

 Brinton, Lenape Leg. , 213, 1885. Hiliniki. — Rafln- 

 esque. Am. Nations, I, 139, 1836 (Delaware name). 

 Ilimouek.— Jes. Rel. 1670, 101, 1858. Iline— Hervas 

 (1785) in Vater, Mith., pt. 3, sec. 3, 347, 1816 (Ital- 

 ian form). Ilinese. — La Hontan.New Voy., I, 217, 

 1703. Ilinesen. — Walch, map. 1805 (German form), 

 nmioiiek.— Jes. Rel. 1667, 18. 18' 8. Ilinois.— Ibid., 

 1670, 86. Ilinouets.— Ibid., 1670. 92. Ilinouetz.— 

 Ibid., 101. Ilionois.—Prond, Pa., 11,296, 1798. lUe- 

 nois. — Morse, North Am., map, 1776. Illeno- 

 necks. — Ibid., 255. lUicoueck. — Goxe. Carolana,17, 

 1741. lUimouec— Jes. Rel. 1667, 21, 1858. Illinese.— 

 Hennepin, Gont. of New Discov., 88, 1698. Illine- 

 sen.— Vater, Mith., pt. 3, sec. 3, 341, 1816 (German 

 form). Il-li-ni.— Hough in Indiana Geol. Rep., 

 map, 1883. lUiniens.— Hennepin, op. cit. 4.5b. 

 Illiniwek.— Shea.Gath. Miss., 348, 18.55. Illinoias.— 

 Niles(1761?) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 4th s., v, 

 541, 1861. Illinois. — Prise de Possession (1671) in 

 Margrv. Dec, i, 96, 1S75. Illinoix. — Brackenridge, 

 La., 132, 1815. lUinonecks.— Morse, North Am., 

 2.55, 1798. Illinoneeks.— Doc. of 1719 in N. G. Rec, 

 n, 351,1886. IlUnouecks.— Goxe, Carolana, 49. 1741. 

 Illonese. — Schermerliorn (1S12) in Mass. Hist. Soc. 

 Coll.,2ds.,li, 3. 1814. Illonois.— Gamphell (1761), 

 ibid., 4th s., IX, 423, 1871. lUuni.— Allouez (166.5) 

 quoted bv Ramsev in Ind. Aff. Rep., 71, ls.50. 

 Irinions.— Jes. Rel. 1642,97, 1858. Isle aux Noix.— 

 Lapham, Ind's of Wis., 4, 1870 ('Walnut island': 

 a form used by some author, who probably mis- 

 took Illino s for a corrupted French word). Isli- 

 nois.- La Salle (1680) in Margry, Di^c, n, 33, 1877. 

 Kichtages.— Maryland treaty (1682) in N. Y. Doc. 



Gol. Hist., Ill, 325, 18.53. Kicktages.— Albany conf. 

 (1726), ibid., v, 791, 18.55. Kighetawkigh Roanu. — 

 Dobbs, Hudson Bay, 28, 1741 (Iriiq\iois name). 

 KIgbtages. — Livingston (1720) in N. Y. Doc. Gol. 

 Hist., v, 567, 1855. Lazars.— Croghan (1759) in 

 Rupp, West. Pa., 146, 1846. lezar.— Groghan 

 quoted by Jefferson, Notes, 145, 1.S25 (probably 

 the Illinois!. Liniouok.— Jes. Rel. 1656, 39,1858. 

 Linneways.— Brice, Ft Wayne, 121, 1868. Lin- 

 ways. — Croghan, op. cit. Minneways. — Brice, Ft 

 Wayne, 121, 1868. Oudataouatouat. — Potier MS. 

 cited in Charlevoix, New France, ii, 270, note, 

 1866 (first applied by the Wyandot to the Ottawa, 

 afterward to the Illinois i. Willinis.— Proud, Pa., 

 II, 296, 1798. Witishaxtanu.— (iatschet, Wvandot 

 MS., B. A. E., 1881 (from Ushaxtiino, 'Illinois r.,' 

 Huron name for the Peoria, Kaskaskia, Wea, and 

 Piankashaw). 



lUummation. The employment of arti- 

 ficial light among the Indians was limited 

 by their simple habits and needs to the 

 camp-fire and the torch, in which respect 

 they are found in the same culture grade 

 as the JNIalay, the Negro, and the majority 

 of uncivilized | copies. The camp-fire, 

 built for the purpose of cooking food or 

 furnishing heat, supplied most of the 

 needed light. On special occasions large 

 bonfires were made when ceremonies 

 were held and nocturnal illumination 

 was required. As a makeshift for the 

 torch, a brand was taken from the camp- 

 fire. When a continuous light was de- 

 sired the fire was fed with slivers of wood 

 set up in a circle and fed from one end 

 where a gap was 

 left in the cir- 

 cle, as among 

 the Cherokee; or 

 when a tempo- 

 rary light was , , 

 wanted amone esk,«o lamp, 24 ,.. ^on.. (nelson) 



the Indians of British Columbia a little oil 

 was thrown on the coals. The torc^hes 

 were of pine knots, rolls of bark, cane, or 

 other inflammable material, but bundles 

 of resinous wood, or masses of resin were 

 almost never made, the form of the In- 

 dian torch luing of the most primitive 

 cliai'a''ter. They were used by night for 

 hunting and fishing; for instance, deer 

 were " weequashed," or "jacked," by 

 means of torches, and fish were speared 

 and birds captured by light from pine 

 knots, especially among the eastern In- 

 dians. Lamps, however, have Ijeen jios- 

 sessed from time immemorial by the 

 Eskimo, and they are the only aborigines 

 of the hemisphere who had such utensils. 

 In s. Alaska the lamp has a narrow wick- 

 edge and is in the shape of aflat-iron; 

 along the tundra n. of St Michael it is 

 a saucer of clay or stone; northward to 

 Point Barrow it is gibbous, with wide 

 wick-edge and made of soapstone. The 

 length of the wick-edge of the Eskimo 

 lamp has been observed to vary with the 

 latitude, that is, the higher the latitude 

 the longer the night, hence the greater 

 need for light, which is met by lengthen- 

 ing the margin of the lamp on which the 

 moss wick is placed, so that while in s. 



