BULL. 30] 



IMNARKUAN IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, UTENSILS 



60 1 



Ekadlu'hsuin. — Stein in Petermanns Mitt., no. 9, 

 map, 190'2 (=^'salmon fishery'). Ignanine.— Heil- 

 prin, Peary Relief Exped., "]02, 1893. Imangen. — 

 Markham in Trans. Ethnol. Soc. Lond., 127, 18(56. 

 Imnagen. — Ibid., 129. Imnangana — Kroeber in 

 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xii, 269, 1899. Imu- 

 anak. — Hayes, Arct. Boat Journ., 182, 1860. 



Imnarkuan ( ' where we make maple 

 sugar'). A Passamaqiioddy villacre for- 

 merly on the site of Pembroke, Washing- 

 ton CO., JMe. — Vetromile, Abnakis, 56, 

 1866. 



Imoktegokshuk. AKaviagmiut Eskimo 

 village at G. Nome, Alaska; pop. 30 in 

 1880. 



Imokhtagokbshuk. — Petroff in 10th Census, Alaska, 

 11, 1884. Imokhtegokhshuk. — Ibid., map. Imok- 

 tegokshuk.— Baker, Geog. Diet. Alaska, 1902. 



Imongalasha (Lnokbtsha, 'their people 

 are there' ). A former Choctaw settlement, 

 sometimes called West Imongalasha to 

 distinguish it from Imongalasha Skatane, 

 and also popularly known as Mokalusha. 

 It was situated on the headwaters of Tala- 

 sha cr., Neshoba co., Miss., and was the 

 most important Choctaw town in that 

 region, the name appearing often in early 

 government records. Tecumseh visited 

 it in 1811 and held a council there. In 

 1824 it was almost abandoned owing to 

 the ravages of smallpox. The houses of 

 the settlement, with the small fields inter- 

 vening, covered an area of 3 m. n. and s. , 

 and Ij m. e. and w. It consisted of a 

 number of hamlets, the names of which, 

 from s. to N., were Yaneka Chukkilissa, 

 Onaheli, Nanihaba, and Bihikonlo. — Hal- 

 bertin Miss. Hist. Soc. Publ., VI, 431, 1902. 

 Imuklasha.— Gatschet, Creek Migr. Leg., I, 138, 

 1884. 



Imongalasha Skatane ( Imokiasha Iskitini , 

 'Little Imongalasha'). A former Choc- 

 taw town on the e. prong of Yazoo cr., 

 now known as Flat cr., a n. affluent of 

 Petickfa cr., Kemper co., Miss. — Halbert 

 in Miss. Hist Soc. Pub., v , 423, 1902. 

 East Moka-Lassa.— Romans, Florida, 310, 1775. 

 Imongolasha Skatani. — West Fla. map., ca. 1775. 



Implements, Tools, Utensils. Whileatool 

 is that with which something is made, 

 an implement that with which work is 

 done, and a utensil that in or on which 

 something is prepared or used up, they 

 cnn not always be distinguished among 

 primitive peoi)les, who utilize one thing 

 for many purposes. Many forms are dis- 

 cussed under Artx and Indtistrlei^ and in 

 articles devoted to special activities. It 

 must be borne in mind that all such 

 devices were helpers of the skilful hand 

 and a va-t deal of excellent work was done 

 with it alone. 



The Indians of North America were in 

 the i-tone age and therefore every device 

 with which the arts of life were carried 

 on, whether implement, tool, or utensil, 

 was in harmony with this grade of cul- 

 ture. The archeolngist finds of such 

 objects in ancient remains and sites either 

 their substantial portions, or the perish- 

 able parts that have been accidentally 



preserved, or impressions of them left on 

 pottery. By comparing these relics with 

 implements, tools, and utensils found in 

 actual use among the Indians one is able 

 to partially reconstruct ancient industry 

 and read far backward into history. The 

 moment that the savages saw implements, 

 tools, and uten-ils of metal in the hands 

 of Europeans, they recognized the supe- 

 riority of these and adopted them. It 

 is interesting to note the modifications 

 that were made in hafting and using, in 

 order to adapt the new devices to old 

 habits and customs. As of old, manual 

 parts were still carved, painted, and hung 

 with symbols, without which they were 

 thought to be ineffectual. 



The instruments of handicraft were of 

 two clashes — general, for common pur- 

 poses, and special, for particular indus- 

 tries. The general implements, tools, 

 and ute:isils niav be described in detail 

 (Holmes in Rep. Nat. Mus. 1901, 501, 

 1903): 



Hammers. — These were made of stone 

 or other hard substance, with or without 

 handles. There were sledges, mauls, 

 and pile-drivers for two or more men. 



Knires. — These were made commonly 

 of chipped or ground stone. Teeth, bone, 

 shell, and wood were also used for the 

 purpose (McGuire in Am. Anthrop., iv, 

 1891). 



Saws. — These were of serrated stones, 

 shells, or other materials, and were 

 worked by rubbing with the edge, often 

 with the aid of sand with or without 

 water. 



Borer.?. — Many natural objects were 

 used for making holes in hard and soft ob- 

 jects, either by pressure, striking, vibrat- 

 ing, or revolving. They were held directly 

 in the hand or were hafted; were grasped 

 by one hand or by both hands; held be- 

 tween the palms or were worked by 

 means of strap, bow, or pump (McGuire 

 in Rep. Nat. Mus. 1894, b23, 1896) . (See 

 Drills and Drilling.) 



A>es. — The stone ax, rudely flaked or 

 highly polished, plain or grooved, ranging 

 in weight from a few ounces to many 

 pounds in the ceremonial ax, was 

 universal. It was held in the hand or 

 attached in various ways to a handle by 

 means of rawhide, but wa-i never fur- 

 nished with an eye for a helve. Other 

 substances were occasionally used, as 

 shell, iron ore, and copper, but the stone 

 ax was the main reliance. The blade 

 could be easily turned at right angles, and 

 then the implement became an adz. (See 

 Adze.'^, Axes, Celts. ) 



Scrapers. — The scraper was also a tool 

 of wide disper.>^ion. In shape it re- 

 sembled a chi.«el blade with a beveled 

 edge. The rudest were sharp spalls of 

 siliceous stone, held in the hand with or 



