BULL. 30] 



IMTUK IMURIS 



603 



nietates of varying tlegrees of texture, 

 with mauo9 to c"jrres|)on(l; baskets to 

 serve as hoppers and to catch meal, and 

 brooms. Hunters' implements included 

 a vast number of accessory apparatus for 

 making weapons effectual. 



Devices for binding or permanently 

 holding two parts together, pegs, lash- 

 ings, and cement were used (see Ce- 

 ment). In the absence of metal and rat- 

 tan, rawhide, sinew, roots of evergreen 

 trees, splits of tough wood, pitch, and 

 animal glue performed the necessary 

 function. In the aboriginal economy no 

 great stones were moved, but large logs 

 were sometimes transported many miles. 



Metric devices of the North Americans 

 were very crude compared with modern 

 standards, but were exactly adapted to 

 their needs. A man fitted liis boat and 

 all its appurtenances to his body, just as 

 he did his clothing. The hunter, basket 

 maker, potter, tentmaker, weighed and 

 measured by means of the same standard. 

 For securing uniform thickness the N. W. 

 coast tribes bored holes through hulls of 

 ilngouts, and ran slender plugs into them 

 which were used as gauges. Usually the 

 parts of the body were the only gauges. 

 (See Measurements.) 



Straightenerswere madeof wood, stone, 

 horn, or ivory for bending wood and other 

 substances to shape. Digging sticks, dib- 

 bles, and the whole class of implements 

 for making holes in the ground were used 

 also for working in quarries, for getting 

 worms and the like from the beach or 

 the earth, and for digging roots for food 

 or for textile and other industrial pur- 

 poses. Tongs were employed in moving 

 hot stones, in gathering cactus fruit, and 

 in capturing snakes. 



Dwellings were of such varying types 

 and forms that their construction in dif- 

 ferent areas required the services of differ- 

 ent kinds of work — that of the tentmaker, 

 the joiner, the mason, or the snow worker, 

 with their different implements, includ- 

 ing shovels, axes, trowels, adzes, levers, 

 parbuckles, etc. (see Architecture, Habi- 

 tations). The joiner's outfit included 

 many devices, from those for hafting to 

 those for house building, tent framing, 

 boat fitting, and the use of roots and 

 thongs. Puncheons were hewn out, but 

 there was no mortising. Hafting, the 

 joining of the working part of a tool to 

 the manual part, was accomplished vari- 

 ously by driving in, groove, splice, socket, 

 tongue-and-groove, or mortising, an<l the 

 fastening was done with pegs or lashing. 



For the shaping arts, the working of 

 stone, wood, and other hard substances, 

 the apparatus varied with the material, 

 and consisted of knives, hammers, wedges, 

 saws, files, polishers, borers, adzes, and 

 chisels, made out of materials best suited 



always to their uses. (See .Ir^, Sculpture, 

 Stoneivork, ]\'oodivurk. ) 



The propelling of all sorts of water craft 

 was done by paddling, by poling, by 

 •Iragging over mud, and by towing. No 

 ( lars or rudders were used. Vessels were 

 made water-tight with pitch or by the 

 swelling of the wood. The rope or raw- 

 hide line for dragging a canoe along shore 

 is known as a cordelle, the French- 

 Canadian term. Portage, the moving of 

 a bark canoe from one body of water to 

 another, was accomplished by carrying 

 load and canoe separately, sliding the 

 empty canoe over mud, or shooting rapids 

 in it. (See Boats, Commerce, Travel and 

 Transportation. ) 



The making of snowshoes was an im- 

 portant occupation in the N., requiring 

 great skill and manifold tools and devices. 

 Ice and snow implements and utensils 

 used in the higher latitudes include picks 

 with ivory or stone blades, shovels with 

 wooden blade and ivory edge, creepers 

 for the boots, boat hooks for warding off 

 and drawing canoes, sleds, and the indis- 

 pensable snowshoes. The Eskimo were 

 ingenious in devising such implements. 

 They had shovels with edges of walrus 

 ivory, walking sticks for going over the 

 snow, snow goggles, snowshoes, and snow 

 trowels and knives for housebuilding; 

 also ice picks and crowbars and hooks 

 and scoops for cutting and moving ice. 



See Arts and Industries, and the sub- 

 jects cited thereunder; also the articles 

 describing special types of ini {elements, 

 tools, and utensils, and the materials from 

 which they are made. (o. t. m.) 



Imtuk. A Yuit Eskimo village near 

 Indian pt, n. e. Siberia; pop. 43 in 9 

 houses about 1895, 65 in 12 houses in 

 1901. Most of its people are of the 

 Aiwan division, but 4 families are from 

 Cherinak. 



I'mtuk. — Bogoras, Chukchee, 29, 1904. I'mtuii.— 

 Ibid. (Chukchi name). 



Imukfa ( Hitchiti: 'shell,' also referring 

 to a metallic ornament of concave shape; 

 applied possibly in allusion to the bend 

 in the river). A subordinate settlement 

 of the Upper Creek town Oakfuski, on a 

 creek of the same name, a short distance 

 w. of Tallapoosa r., Ala. A battle was 

 fought there Jan. 24, 1814, in the Creek 

 war, and the celebrated battle of the 

 Horseshoe Bend, on Mar. 25 of the same 

 year, took place in the immediate 

 vicinity. (a. s. g. ) 



Emucfau.— Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, vi, 371, 1857. 

 Emuckfau.— Pickett, Hist. Ala., ii, 332-339, 1859. 

 Emuckfaw.— Drake, Bk. Ind.'<., bk. iv, 50, 1848. 

 Emukfau. — Ibid., 59. Im-mook-fau. — Hawkins 

 (1799), Sketch, 46, 1848. 



Imuris. Given by early authorities as 

 a Pima rancheria near the e. bank of 

 Rio San Ignacio (or Magdalena), lat. 

 30° 50', long. 110° 50^ in the present 

 Sonora, Mexico. Orozco y Berra men- 



