BULL. 30] 



IOWA 



613 



enemies of the Iowa, nevertheless the 

 name Nadoessi Mascoiiteins seems to have 

 been applied to the Iowa by the early 

 missionaries because of their relations for 

 a time with the Sioux. Pere Andre thus 

 designated them in 1676, when they were 

 living 200 leagues w. of Green Bay, Wis. 

 Perrot (Mem., 63, 1864) apparently locat- 

 ed them in the vicinity of the Pawnee, 

 on the plains, in 1685. Father Zenobius 

 (1680) placed the Anthoutantas (Oto) 

 and Nadouessious Maskoutens (Iowa) 

 about 130 leagues from the Illinois, in 3 

 great villages built near a river which 

 empties into the river Colbert (Missis- 

 sippi) on the w. side, above the Illinois, 

 almost opposite the mouth of the Wis- 

 consin. He appears to locate a part of the 

 Ainoves (perhaps intended for Aioiies), 

 on the w. side of Milwaukee r., in Wis- 

 consin. On JNIarquette's map (1674-79) 

 the Pahoutet ( Iowa ) , the Otontanta (.Oto) , 

 and INIaha (Omaha) are placed on Mis- 

 souri r., evidently by mere guess. La 

 Salle knew of the Oto and the Iowa, and 

 in his letter in regard to Hennepin, Aug. 

 22, 1682, mentions them under the names 

 Otoutanta and Aiounouea, but his state- 

 ment that Accault, one of his company, 

 knew the languages of these triljes is 

 doubtful. It is probable that in 1700, 

 when Le Sueur furnished them with their 

 first firearms, the Iowa resided on the 

 extreme headwaters of Des Moines r., 

 but it appears from this explorer's jour- 

 nal that they and the Oto removed and 

 "established themselves toward the Mis- 

 souri river, near the Maha." Jefferys 

 (Fr. Dom. in Am., 1761) placed them on 

 the E. side of the Missouri, w. of the 

 sources of Des Moines r., above the Oto, 

 who were on the w. side of the JNIissouri 

 and below the Omaha; but in the text 

 of his work thev are located on the Mis- 

 sissippi in lat. 43° 30^ In 1804, accord- 

 ing to Lewis and Clark (Orig. Jour., vr, 

 91-92, 1905), they occupied a single vil- 

 lage of 200 warriors or 800 souls, 18 

 leagues up Platte r., on the s. e. side, 

 although they formerly lived on the Mis- 

 souri alcove the Platte. They conducted 

 traffic with traders from St Louis at their 

 posts on Platte and Grand Nemaha r., as 

 well as at the Iowa village, the chief trade 

 being skins of beaver, otter, raccoon, deer, 

 and bear. They also cultivated corn, 

 beans, etc. In 1829 (Rep. Sec. War) they 

 were on Platte r., Iowa., 15 m. from the 

 Missouri state line. Schoolcraft (1853) 

 placed them on Nemaha r., Nebr., a mile 

 above its mouth. By 1880 they were 

 brought under the agencies. 



The visiting and marriage customs of 

 the Iowa did not differ t'rom those of 

 cognate tribes, nor was their management 

 of children unlike that of the Dakota, 

 the Omaha, and others. They appear 



to have been cultivators of the soil at an 

 early date, as Le Sueur tried to persuade 

 them to fix their village near Ft 

 L'Huillier because they were "indus- 

 trious and accustomed to cultivate the 

 earth." Pike says that they cultivated 

 corn, but proportionately not so much as 

 the Sauk and Foxes. He also aflirmg 

 that the Iowa were less civilized than the 

 latter. Father Andre (Jes. Rel., 1676, 

 Thwaites ed., lx, 203, 1900) says that al- 

 though their village was very large, they 

 were poor, their greatest wealth consist- 

 ing of "ox-hides and red calumets," in- 

 dicatingthat the Iowa early manufactured 

 and traded catlinite pipes. Some small 

 mounds in Minnesota and Iowa have 

 been ascribed to them by two distinct 

 traditions. 



IOWA. (david tohee 



In 1824 they ceded all their lands in 

 Missouri, and in 1836 were assigned a 

 reservation in n. e. Kansas, from which a 

 part of the tribe moved later to another 

 tract in central Oklahoma, which by 

 agreement in 1890 was allotted to them 

 in severalty, the surplus acreage being 

 opened to settlement by whites. 



Various estimates of the population of 

 the Iowa at different dates are as follows: 

 In 1760, 1,100 souls; by Lewis and Clark 

 in 1804, 800, smallpox having carried off 

 100 men besides women and children in 

 1803; the Secretary of War gives the num- 

 ber in 1829 as 1,000; Catlin in 1832 at 

 about 1,40 >, but in 1836 at 992; the In- 

 dian Affairs Report of 1843 gives their 

 number as 470; the number at the Pota- 

 watomi and Great Nemaha agencv in 



