BULL. 30] 



IPIK IROQUOIAN FAMILY 



615 



Ipik. An Eskimo village in s. w. Green- 

 land, lat. 60° 31^— Meddelelser om Gron- 

 land, XVI, map, 1896. 



Ipisogi. A subordinate settlement of 

 the Upper Creek town Uakfuski, on a 

 creek of the same name wliich enters 

 the Tallapoosa from the e., opposite 

 Oakfuski, Ala. According to Hawkins it 

 had 40 settlers in 1799. 



E-pe-sau-gee. -Hawkins (1799), Sketch, 47, 1848. 

 Ipisogi.— Gatschet, Creek Migr. Leg., I, 133, 1884. 



Ipnot. A Nunatogmiut Eskimo village 

 at C. Thomson, Alaska; pop. 40 in 1880. 

 Ip-Kot.— Petroff in 10th Census, Alaska, 59, 1884. 



Ipoksimaiks {F-pok-si-rnaiks, 'fat roast- 

 ers'). A division of the Piegan. 



E-poH'-si-miks.— Havden, Kthnog. and Philol. Mo. 

 Val., 264, 1862 (= 'the band that fries fat'). Fat 

 Roasters.— Grinnell, Blackioot Lodge Tales, 225, 

 1892. Ih-po'-se-ma.— Morgan, Anc. Soc, 171, 1877 

 (= 'webfat'). I'-pok-si-maiks— Grinnell, op. cit., 

 209. 



Ippo {Ip-po', 'mesa'). A Tarahumare 

 rancheria in Chihuahua, Mexico. — Lum- 

 holtz, inf'n, 1894. 



Iptugik. A former Aleut village on 

 Agattu id., Alaska, one of the Near id. 

 group of the Aleutians, nuw uninhabited. 



Iratae. A village, presumal)ly Costa- 

 noan, formerly connected with San Juan 

 Bautista mission, Cal. — Taylor in Cal. 

 Farmer, Nov. 23, 1860. 



Irihibano ('war councilors' ). The pro- 

 genitors of the Fish clan of the ancient 

 Timucua of Florida. — Pareja (ca. 1613) 

 quoted bv Gatschet in Am. Philos. Soc. 

 Proc, XVII, 492, 1878. 



Iron. The use of iron by the American 

 aborigines and especially by the tribes n. 

 of Mexico was very limited as compared 

 with their use of copper. The compact 

 ores were sometimes used, and were flaked, 

 pecked, or ground into shape, as were 

 the harder varieties of stone. Imple- 

 ments, ornaments, and symbolic objects 

 of hematite ore are found in great num- 

 bers in mounds and in burial places and 

 on dwelling sites over a large part of the 

 country. Since smelting was unknown to 

 the natives, the only form of metallic iron 

 available to them and sufficiently malle- 

 able to be shaped by hammering is of 

 meteoric origin, and numerous examples 

 of implements shaped from it have been 

 recovered from the mounds. A series of 

 celts of ordinary form, along with partly 

 shaped pieces and natural masses of the 

 metal, were found by Moorehead in a 

 mound of the Hopewell grouji near Chilli- 

 cothe, Ohio, and these are now in the Field 

 Museum of Natural Hi.story, Chicago. The 

 Turner mounds, in Hamilton co., Ohio, 

 have ])erhaps yielded the most interest- 

 ing relics of this class. Putnam describes 

 these, in enumerating the various objects 

 found on one of the earthen altars, as 

 follows: "But by far the most important 

 things found on this altar were the sev- 

 eral masses of meteoric iron and the orna- 

 ments made from this metal. One of 



them is half of a spool-shaped ear orna- 

 ment, like those made of copper with 

 which it was associated. Another ear 

 ornament of copper is covered with a thin 

 plating of iron, in the same manner as 

 others were covered with silver. Three 

 of the masses of iron have been more or 

 less hammered into bars, as if for the pur- 

 pose of making some ornament or imple- 

 ment, and another is apparently in the 

 natural shape in which it was found" 

 (16th Rep. Peabody Museum, iii, 171, 

 1884; see also Putnam in Proc. Am. Antiq. 

 Soc. , II, 349, 1883) . Ross records the fact 

 that the Eskimo of Smith sd. used mete- 

 oric iron. Small bits of this metal beaten 

 out and set in a row in an ivory handle 

 made effective knives. See Hematite, 

 Metal li-ork. 



Consult Kroeber in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., XII, 285, 1899; Ross, Voyage of 

 Discovery, 1819; Thomas in 12th Rep. 

 B. A. E., 319, 336, 1894. (w. h. h.) 



Iroquoian Family. A linguistic stock 

 consisting of the following tribes and 

 tribal groups: the Hurons composed of 

 the Attignaouantan (Bear peqple), the 

 Attigneenongnahac (Cord people), the 

 Arendahronon (Rock people), the Tohon- 

 taenrat (x\tahontaenrat or Tohontaenrat. 

 White-eared or Deer people), the Wen- 

 rohronon, the Ataronchronon, and the 

 Atonthrataronnn (Otter people, an Al- 

 gonquian tribe); the Tionontati or To- 

 bacco people or nation; the confedera- 

 tion of the Attiwendaronk or Neutrals, 

 composed of the Neutrals proper, the 

 Aondironon, the Ongniarahronon, and 

 the Atiragenratka (Atiraguenrek) ; the 

 Conkhandeenrhonon; the Iroquois con- 

 federation composed of the jNIohawk, 

 the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, 

 and the Seneca, with the Tuscarora after 

 1726; and in later times the incorporated 

 remnants of a number of alien tribes, 

 such as the Tutelo, the Saponi, the Nanti- 

 coke, the Conoy, and the Muskwaki or 

 Foxes; the Conestoga or Susquehanna of 

 at least three tril)es, of which one was 

 the Akhrakouaehronon or Atrakouaeh- 

 ronon; the Erie or Cat nation of at least 

 two allied peoples; the Tuscarora con- 

 federation, composed of several leagued 

 tribes, the names of which are now un- 

 known; the Nottaway; the Meherrin; 

 and the Cherokee composed of at least 

 three divisions, the Elati, the Middle 

 Cherokee, and the Atali; and the Onnon- 

 tioga consisting of the Iroquois-Catholic 

 seceders on the St Lawrence. 



Each tribe was an independent political 

 unit, except tho.se which formed leagues 

 in which the constituent tribes, while en- 

 joying local self-government, acted jointly 

 in common affairs. For this reason there 

 was no general name for themselves com- 

 mon to all the tribes. 



Jacques Cartier, in 1534, met on the 



