BULL. 30] 



KICKAPOO 



685 



in Indian Ter. Others have come in 

 since, but the remainder, constituting at 

 present nearly lialf tlie tribe, are now set- 

 tled on a reservation, granted them l)y 

 the Mexican government, in the Santa 

 Rosa mts. of e. Chihuahua. 



Customs and Beliefs. — The Kickapoo 

 lived in fixed villages, occupying bark 

 houses in the summer and flag-reed 

 oval lodges during the Avinter. They 

 raised corn, beans, and squashes, and 

 while dwelling on the e. side of the Mis- 

 sissippi they often wandered out on the 

 plains to hunt buffalo. On these hunt- 

 ing trips they came to know the horse, 

 and previous to the Civil war they had 

 gone as far as Texas for the sole i)urpose 

 of stealing horses and nuiles from the 

 Comanche. No other Algonquians of 

 the central group were more familiar 

 with the Indians of the plains than the 

 Kickapoo; and yet, with all this contact, 

 their culture has remained essentially the 

 same as that of the Sauk and the Foxes. 



Like the Sauk and Foxes they believe 

 in a cosmic substance prevailing through- 

 out all nature, and the ol)jects endowed 

 with the mystic property are given special 

 reverence. Far in the past they claim to 

 have practised the Midewiw'm; but to-day 

 their most sacred ceremony is the Kiga- 

 noivini, the feast dance of the clans. The 

 dog is held in special veneration and is 

 made an object of sacrifice and offering 

 to the manitos. The mythologj' is rich, 

 and is characterized by a mass of beast 

 fable. The great cosmic myth centers 

 about the death of the younger l)rother 

 of the culture-hero, whose name is 

 Wisa kii''. To him they attribute all the 

 good things of this world and the hope 

 of life in the spirit world, over which the 

 younger brother presides. The brothers 

 are idealized as youths. 



The gentile system prevailed, and mar- 

 riage was outside of the gens. The name 

 had an intimate connection with the 

 gens, and children followed the gens of 

 the father. Thegentes to-day are Water, 

 Tree, Berry, Thunder, Man, Bear, Elk, 

 Turkey, Bald-eagle, Wolf, and Fox. 



Popidation. — In 1759 the population of 

 the Kickapoo was estimated at aV^out 

 3,000; in 1817 at 2,000, and in 1.S25 at 

 2,200. Since the last-mentioned date they 

 have greatly decreased. In 1875 those in 

 Kansas and Indian Ter. together, in- 

 cluding all of those recently brought from 

 Mexico, were officially reported to num- 

 ber 706, while 100 more were supposed 

 to be in Mexico, making a total for the 

 tribe of about 800. In 1885 those in 

 the United States numbered about 500, 

 of whom 235 were in Kansas, while the 

 Mexican band in Indian Ter. (including 

 some Potawatomi ) numbered about 325. 

 It is supposed that there were at the same 



time about 200 living in Mexico. Those 

 in the United States in 1905 were offi- 

 cially reported at 432, of whom 247 were 

 in Oklahoma and 185 in Kansas. There 

 are supposed to be about 400 or more in 

 Mexico. Within the last two years there 

 has been considerable effort by private 

 parties to procure the removal of the 

 Oklahoma band also to Mexico. 



The following are known as Kickaj^oo 

 villages : Etnataek ( with Sauk and Foxes) , 

 Kickapougowi, and Neconga. 



(j. M. AV. J.) 

 A'-uyax.— Gatschet, Tonkawe MS., B.A.E., 1884 

 ('deer eaters,' from o'-m deer, ya'xa Mo eat': 

 Toiikawa name). Gigabu. — Gatschet, Fox, MS., 

 B. A. E., 1SJS2 (Fox name; plural Gigabuhak). 

 Gikapu. — Gatschet, ibid. (Fox name). Gokapa- 

 tagans. — Bacqueville de la Potherie, Hist, de 

 I'Amcr, IV. 2'24, 1753(perhaps identical). Higabu. — 

 Dorsey, (fegiha MS. voeab., B. A. E., 1878 (Omaha 

 and Ponca name). Hi^ia'pu. — Dorsey, Tciwere 

 MS. voeab., B.A. E., 1879 (Iowa, Oto, and 

 Missouri name). I'-ka-du'. — Dorsey, MS. Osage 

 voeab., B. A. E., 1883 (Osage name). Kackapoes. — 

 Dalton (1783) in Mass. Hist. Soe. Coll., 1st s., x, 

 123, 1809. Kecapos.— Croghan (1759) in Rupp, 

 West. Pa., app., 132, 1846. Kecopes.— Croghan, 

 (1760) in Mass. Hist. Soe. Coll., 4th s., ix, 250, 1871. 

 Ke-ga-boge. — Morgan, Consang. and Atiin., 288, 

 1.S71. Kehabous. — McKenney and Hall, fnd. 

 Tribes, in, 79, 1854 (misprint). Kekapos. — Crog- 

 han (17.59) in Rupp, West. Pa., app., 134, 1846. 

 Kekapou.— Doc. of 1695 in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist, 

 IX, 619, 1855. Kekaupoag.— Tanner, Narrative, 315, 

 1830 (Ottawa name). Kicapoos. — Croghan (1765) 

 in Craig, Olden Time, 409, 184(1. Kicapous. — John- 

 son (1772) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., vill, 292, 1857. 

 Kicapoux.— Doc. of 1748, ibid., x, 150, 1858. 

 Kicapus.— Ratinesque, introd. Marshall, Ky., i, 

 38, 1.H24. Kiccapoos.— Croghan (1765) in Monthly 

 Am. Jour. GeoL, 263, 1831. Kichapacs. — Writer of 

 1786 in Mass. Hist. Soe. Coll., 1st s., in, 26, 1794. 

 Kickapoos. — Croghan (1765) in N. Y. Doc. Col. 

 Hist., VII, 780, 1856. Kickapos. — German Flatsconf. 

 (1770), ibid., VIII, 214, 1857. Kickapous.— Chau- 

 vignerie (1736), ibid., ix, 10.55, is.Vi. Kickipoo. — 

 Gale, Upper Miss., map, 1867. Kicoagoves. — 

 Barcia, Ensayo, 238, 1723 (mentioned with Miami 

 and Mascoutin). Kicoapous. — Tonti, Rel. de la 

 Louisiane, 82, 1720. Kicopoux. — Chauvignerie 

 (1736) in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, in, 554, 1853. 

 Kikabeux.— Marquette, Discov., 322, 1698. Kika- 

 bons. — Bacqueville de la Potherie, Hist, de 

 I'AmOr., II, 49, 1753. Kikabou.— Jes. Rel. 1670, 100, 

 18.58. KiKaboua.— Jes. Rel. 1672, LVIll, 40, 1899. 

 Kikabu.— Dorsey, Kansa MS. voeab., B. A. E.,1882 

 (Kansa name). • Kikapaus.— Hciniepin, Cont. of 

 New Discov., map, 169.s. Kikapoes.^Vincennes 

 treaty (1803) in U. S. Ind. Treat., 383, 1873. Kika- 

 poos.— Vater, Mith., pt. 3, sec. 3, 351, 1816. Kika- 

 pous. — Hennepin, New Discov., 132, 1698. Kika- 

 p8s.— Vaudreuil (1719)inN. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., ix, 

 893, 1855. Kikapoux,— Frontenac (1682), ibid., 182. 

 Kikapouz. — Coxe, Carolana, 18, 1741. Kikapu. — 

 Gatschet, Potawatomi ]MS., B. A. E., 1878 ( I'otawa- 

 tomi name; plural Kikapng). Kikapus. — Loskiel, 

 Hist. Miss. United Breth., pt. 1, 2, 1794. Kik- 

 kapoos. — Barton, New Views, x.xxiii, 1798. Kik- 

 pouz. — Coxe, Carolana, .50, 1741. Kispapous. — 

 Longueuil (17.52) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., x, 246, 

 1858 (misprint). Qnicapous —Tonti, Rel. de la Lou- 

 isiane, 99, 1720 (misprint), ftuicapause. — Lattrt?, 

 map, 1784. ftuicapons. — Esnauts and Rapilly, 

 map, 1777 (misprint), ftuicapous. — De Bourain 

 (1700) in Margry, DiJc, vi, 73, 1886. ftuinaquois. — 

 McKenney and Hall, Ind. Tribes, in, 80, 18.54. 

 Quincapous. — Iberville (1700) in Neill, Minn., 1,54, 

 1858. Ricapous.— Conf. of 1766 in N. Y. Doe. Col. 

 Hist., VII. 860, 1856 (misprint). Rickapoos. — Cro- 

 ghan (1765), ibid, (misprint). Shack-a-po. — H.R. 

 Rep. 299, 44th Cong., 1st .sess., 1, 1876 ("known 

 to us as Kickapoos"). Shake-/,'()//-quah. — Marcy, 

 Explor. Red R., 273, 1851 (Wichita name). 

 Shigapo,— Gatschet, Apache MS., B. A. E., 1884 (so 



