710 



KITZIMG A YL ITM KT V A 



[b. a. b. 



etzky, Canada on Pacific, 212, 1874. Kit zilas. — 

 Dorsey in Am. Antiq., xix, 279, 1897. Kit-zilass.— 

 Ibid., map. 



Kitzimgaylum ('people on the upper 

 part of the river.'— Boas). A Tsimshian 

 division and town on the n. side of Skeena 

 r., Brit. Col., below the canyon. These 

 people were originally Tongas, of the 

 Koluschan stock, who tied from Alaska 

 on accomit of continual wars, and settled 

 at this point. ^In course of time they 

 came to speak the Tsimshian language. 

 Pop. 69 in 1902; in 1904, together with 

 Port JCssington and Kitzilas, 191. 

 Gyits'umra'lon. — Boas in .")th Ri'p. N. W. Tribes 

 Canada, 9, 35, 1889. Kee-chum-a-kai-lo. — Kane, 

 Wand, in N. A., app., 1859. Kee-chum aliarlo. — 

 Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, v, 487, 1S55. Kitchem- 

 kalem.— Can. Ind. AfF., 271, 1889. Kitchimkale.— 

 Howard, Notes on Nortiiern Tribes visiteil in 

 1854, MS., B. A. E. Kitsumkalem.— Can. Ind. Aff., 

 416, 1898. Kitsumkalum. — Horetzky, Canada on 

 Pacific, 212, 1874. Kit-zim-gay-lum. — Dorsey in 

 Am. Antiq., xix, 279, 1897. 



Kiusta {K.'iu'stA, 'where the trail 

 comes out' [?]). A former Haida town 

 on the N. w. coast of Moresby id., opposite 

 North id.. Queen Charlotte ids., Brit. Col. 

 It was owned by the Stustas. Possibly 

 the town given in John Work's list as 

 "Lu-lan-na," with 20 houses and 296 in- 

 habitants in 1836-40, included this place 

 and the neighboring town of Yaku. The 

 old people remember 9 houses as having 

 stood here and 8 at Yaku. After the 

 population of Kiusta had decreased con- 

 siderably, the remainder went to Kung, in 

 Naden harbor. (j. r. s. ) 



Kioo-sta.— Dawson, Queen Charlotte Ids., 162, 1880. 

 Kusta Haade.— Harrison in Proc. and Trans. Roy. 

 Soc. Can., sec. ii, 125, 1895. Ky'iu'st'a.— Boas, 12th 

 Rep. N. W. Tribes Canada, 22, 1898. 



Kiva. The Hopi name of the sacred 

 ceremonial, asseml)ly, and loungingcham- 

 ber, characteristic of ancient and modern 

 Pueblo settle- 

 ments of Ari- 

 zona and New- 

 Mexico and 

 the prehis- 

 toric pueblo.« 

 of Colorado 

 and Utah. 

 They were 

 first described 

 by the early 

 Spanish ex- 

 plorers of till- 

 S. W., who 

 des ignated 

 them esii{fat<. 

 meaning 'hot 



rooms,' evi- ' ' 



dently mistaking their chief use as that 

 of sweat-houses. One of the kivas at the 

 pueblo of Taos in 1540 is described by 

 Castaneda (14th Rep. B. A. E., 1896) as 

 containing "12 pillars, 4 of which, in the 

 center, were as large as 2 men could reach 

 around," while "some that were seen 

 were large enough for a game of ball." 

 The kivas of the Rio Grande villages 



were described as "underground, square 

 or round, with fine pillars," which is 

 largely true to-day. The early Spaniards 

 also state that "the young men lived in 

 the estufas," that "if a man repudiated 

 his woman he has to go to the estufa," 

 and that "it is forbidden for women to 

 sleep in the estufas, or to enter these for 

 any purpose, except to give their hus- 

 bands or sons something to eat," which 

 is still the case save in the few instances 

 in whit'h kivas are used by women's re- 

 ligious societies or where women are wit- 

 nesses of the ceremonies. "The kivas," 

 says Castafieda, "belong to the men, 



HOPI KIVA, SHONGOPOVI 



while the houses belong to the women." 

 Elsewhere he asserts that the kivas be- 

 long to the whole village, meaning that 

 they are not the property of a single in- 

 dividual or household. 



The oldest form of kiva seems to have 

 been circular, and some of these are still 

 used in Rio Grande pueblos, as Santo 

 Domingo, Santa Clara, and Nambe, al- 

 though in this section, where Spanish in- 

 fluence was strongest, the persistence of 

 this type might be least expected. At 

 Zuiii and in the Hopi villages, on the 

 other hand, the kivas are rectangular, in 

 the latter wholly or partly underground 

 and usually 

 isolated, in the 

 former partly 

 subterranean 

 and forming 

 part of the vil- 

 lage cluster. 

 Originally the 

 Zuili kivas 

 were in the 

 courtyards of 

 the villages, 

 but, probably 

 ])y reason of 

 Spanish re- 

 strictions, 

 their situation 

 was later 

 hidden among the dwellings, where they 

 are today. The number of kivas in a 

 pueblovaried with its size and thenumber 

 of the religious organizations using them. 

 Oraibi alone has 13 kivas, while some of 

 the smaller pueblos contain but one. 

 Those of the Hopi, which number 33, are 

 rectangular, and are generally so built 

 that they are approximately on a n. and 



