716 



KNAIAKHOTANA 



[b. a. e. 



tlie chief occupations, birch-bark I'anoes 

 being used for river journeys in the in- 

 terior, while for coast voyages bidarkas 

 are purchased from the Eskimo. 



TheKnaiakhotanaaretlieniostcivilized 

 of all the northern Athapascan tribes. 

 They use dogs mainly for hunting, not 

 harnessing them to their sleds even in the 

 long journeys they perform in winter 

 from one trapping ground to another. 

 Occasionally in sunnner dogs are em- 

 ployed as pack animals. Tlieir log 

 houses are more solidly and warmly built 

 than those of the moving Kutchin tribes; 

 they are divided into an outer room 

 for cooking and rough labor, and an 

 inner sleeping apartment, floored and 

 ceiled, lighted through a pane of glass or 

 gut, and impenetrable to the outer air. 

 In some villages the bedroom is used as a 

 bathroom, being then heated with red-hot 

 stones; but most villages have a bath hut 

 or two. In the more priuiitive vdlages 

 on the Sushitna and Knik rs. is found the 

 old communal log house, occupied by 

 several families, each having its separate 

 sleeping apartment (connected with the 

 central structure by a hole in the wall. 

 Provisions are kept out of the reach of 

 dogs in a storehouse built of logs and ele- 

 vated on posts (11th Censas,- Alaska, 

 167, 1893). 



They bury their dead in wooden boxes, 

 in which they put also the property of the 

 deceased, and pile stones upon the grave. 

 They express grief by smearing their 

 faces with black paint, singeing their 

 hair, and lacerating their bodies. Most 

 .of their clothing is made of the skin of 

 the mountain goat, which they kill in 

 large numbers. Tlieir language is ex- 

 tremely' guttural, compared with that of 

 the Eskimo (Dall, Alaska, 430, 1870). 



Richardson (Arct. Exped., i, 406, 

 1851) stated that the Knaiakhotana have 

 two phratries, one containing 6 and 

 the other 5 clans. The clans, according 

 to their mythology, are descended from 

 two women made by the raven, and are 

 as follows: 1, Kachgij^a (The Raven); 



2, Tlachtana (Weavers of Grass Nets); 



3, Montochtana (A Corner in the Back 

 Part of the Hut); 4, Tschichgi (Color); 



5, Nuchschi (Descended from Heaven); 



6, Kali (Fishermen). l,Tultschina( Bath- 

 ers in Cold Water); 2, Katluchtna (Lov- 

 ers of Glass Beads); 3, Schischlachtana 

 ( Deceivers Like the Raven) ; 4, Nuts- 

 chichgi; 5, Zaltana (Mountain). Hoff- 

 nian ( Aijalu;i:amut MS., B. A. E., 1882) 

 gives the following Chugachigmiut names 

 for divisions of the Knaiakhotana: 1, Kan- 

 ikaligamut (People Close to the River); 

 2, Maltshokamut (Valley People); 3, 

 Nanualikmut (People Around the Lake). 

 The same authority (Kadiak MS., B. A. 

 E., 1882) gives the Kaniagmiut names 



for 5 divisions: 1, Nanualuk ( =Nanualik- 

 mut); 2, Kuinruk (Sea-hunting People); 

 S.Tuiunuk ( =Tyonok, Marsh People); 4, 

 Knikamut ( = Knik, Fire-signal People); 

 5, Tigikpuk (Peoj^le Living at the Base 

 of a Volcano). 



The Knaiakhotana villages are Chinila, 

 Chuitna, Kasilof, Kasnatehin, Kenai, 

 Kilchik, Knakatnuk, Knik, Kultuk, 

 Kustatan, Nikhkak, Nikishka, Ninilchik, 

 Nitak, Skilak, Skittok, Sushitna, Titu- 

 kilsk, Tyonek, Tyonok, and Zdluiat. 



Tlie natives of Cook inlet in 181 8 num- 

 bered 1,471, of whom 723 were males and 

 748 females. Baron Wrangell, in 1825,. 

 gave their population as 1,299, the fe- 

 males being slightly in excess. In 1839 

 Veniaminof made the number 1,628, and 

 in 1 860 the Holy Synod gave 937, declaring 

 that the natives had become Christians. 

 At the acquisition of Alaska by the United 

 States in 1868, Gen. Halleck and Rev. 

 Vincent Colyer erroneously e.stimated 

 the Knaiakhotana at 25,000 (Petroff, Rep. 

 on Alaska, 40, 1884). The population in 

 1880 consisted of 614 natives, and in 1890 

 they numbered 724 (11th Census, Alaska, 

 158, 1893). 



Ilyamna people. — Petroff in 10th Census, Alaska, 

 164, 1SS4. Kaitana.— De Meulen, Kenay MS. 

 vociib., B. A. E., 1870. Kaneskies.— Colver in Ind. 

 AfY. Rep. 1869, 553, 1870. Kanisky.— Ibid., 575. 

 Kankiina. — Staffeief and Petniff, MS. vociib., B. A. 

 E.,1SS5. Kankiinats kogtana. — Ibid. Kenai. — Gal- 

 latin in Schuolcral't, Ind. Trilies, in, 401, 1853. 

 Kenaians. — Terry in Rep. .See. War, pt. I, 41, 1869. 

 Kenaies.— Seouler in Jour. Geog. Soc. Lond., i, 

 218, 1841. Kenai-tena.— Dall, Alaska, 430, 1870. 

 Kenaitses. — I'inartin Rev. de Philol. et d'Ethi og., 

 no. 2, 1, 1875. Kenaitze. — Lndwig: quoted by Dall 

 in Cont. N. A. Ethnol., l, 35, 1877. Kenaiyer. — 

 Richardson, Aret. E.xped., i, 401, 1851. Kenai- 

 yut. — Ibid. (Kaniagmiut name adopted by Rus- 

 sians). Kenaize. — Bancroft, Nat. Races, i, 116, 

 1874. Kenaizen.— Balbi, Atlas Ethiiog., 855, 1826. 

 Kenajer.— Erman, Archiv, vii, 128, 1849. Kenas. — 

 Domenech, Deserts N. Am., i, 442, 1860. Kenay. — 

 Latham in Jour. Ethnol. Soc. Lond., i, 160, 1841. 

 Kenayern.— Wrangell in Baer and Helmersen, 

 Beitriige, i, 103, 1839. Kenayzi.— Humboldt, Essai 

 Polit., I, 347, 1811. Kiatenses.— Lntke, Voyage, i, 

 181, 1835 (probably identical K Kinaetzi.— Prich- 

 ard, Phys. Hist., v, 441, 1847. Kinai,— Vater, Mith- 

 ridates, lll, 230, 1816. Kinaitsa.— Balbi, Atlas 

 Ethno.g., 1826. Kinaitze. — Vater, op. cit., 229. 

 Kinaitzi.— Balbi, op. cit. Kinaizi. — Vater, op. cit., 

 228. Kinajut.— Wrangell in Baer and Helmersen, 

 Beitriige, i, 103, 1839 (Kaniagmiut name). Kin- 

 nats.— Petroff in 10th Census, Alaska, 25, 1884. 

 Kinnats-Khotana. — Ibid., 162. Kinnatz-kokhta- 

 na. — Ibid., 1G4. K'nai'-a-kho-ta'na. — Dall in Cont. 

 N. A. Ethnol., I, 35, 1877. Knaina.— Wrangell 

 in Baer and Helmersen, Beitriige, I, 103, 1839. 

 Knaiokhotana.— Eleventh Census, Alaska,1.58, 1893. 

 Koht-ana,— Liziansky, MS. vocab., B. A. E. Ou- 

 gagliakmuzi-Kinaia. — Balbi, Atlas Ethnog., 1826. 

 Taas nei. — Doroschin In Radloff, Wiirterbuch, 29, 

 1874 (Tenankutchin name). Tasne. — Pinart in 

 Rev. de Philol. et d'Ethnog., no. 2, 6, 1875 (Tenan- 

 kutchin name). Tehanin-Kutchin.— Dall, Alaska, 

 430, 1870 (Kaivuhkhotana name). Tenahna. — 

 Holmberg (18.55 )(Hioted bv Dall in Proc. A. A. A. S., 

 1869, 270, 1870. Tenaina.— Kadloll, Worterbuch, 29, 

 1874 (own name). Thnaina.— Holmberg, Ethnog. 

 Skizz., 6, 18.55. Tinaina.— Hoffman, Kadiak MS., 

 B. A. E., 1882. Tinina.— Hollnian, Aijaluxamut 

 MS., B. A. E., 1882. Tinnats.— Petroff in 10th Cen- 

 .sus, Alaska, 25, 1884. Tinnats-Khotana. — Ibid., 

 162. Tinnatz-Kokhtana.— Ibid., 164 (own name). 

 Tnac— Keane in Stanford, Compend., 539, 1878. 



