768 



LINOKLUSHA LTPAN 



[b. a. e. 



Wakashan (Kwakiutl-Nootka), Salishan, 

 and Chimakuan stocks all possess sufRx- 

 nouns and inflected adverbs, similarities 

 pointinij, perhaps, to a common source 

 (Mem. Internat. Cong. Anthrop., 339-346, 

 1894). The languages of California have 

 recently been carefully studied by Dixon 

 andKroeber(Am. Anthrop., v, 1-26, 1903; 

 VII, 213-17, 1905; viii, no. 4, 1906), and the 

 former has determined, as Gatschet had 

 suspected, that the Sastean and Palaihni- 

 han (Achomawi) constitute one stock, to 

 which the Bureau of American Ethnology 

 applies the name Shastan. A similar coal- 

 escence of the Costanoan and Moquelum- 

 nan stocks is also suggested. Taking other 

 than lexical elements into consideration, 

 the languages of California (exclusive of 

 the Yuman and Yanan ) may be arranged 

 in three groups: Southwestern, or Chu- 

 mash type; northwestern, or Yurok type; 

 central, or Mai<lu type — the last being by 

 far the most numerous. This systemati- 

 zation for California rests on pronominal 

 incorporation, syntactical cases, etc. 



Morphological peculiarities, possessed in 

 common, according to some authorities, 

 indicate a relationship between Piman, 

 Nahuatlan (Mexican), and Shoshonean. 

 The Kitunahan of n. Idaho and s. e. 

 British Columbia has some structural 

 characteristics resembling those of the 

 Shoshonean, particularly the method of 

 object-noun incorporation. Gatschet, in 

 1891 (Karank. Inds., 1891), suggested the 

 probal)ility of some relationship between 

 the Karankawan, Pakawa (Coahuilte- 

 can), and Tonkawan. It is nearly certain 

 also, as supposed by Brinton, that Natchez 

 is a Muskhogean dialect. The now ex- 

 tinct Beothukan of Newfoundland has 

 been suspected of having been a mixed and 

 much distorted dialect of one or other of 

 the great linguistic families of the region 

 adjacent. Brinton ( Amer. Race, 68, 1891 ) 

 was of opinion that "the general mor- 

 phology seems soTiiewhat more akin to 

 Eskimo than to Algonkin examples." 



The amount of material extant in the 

 languages of the various stocks, as well 

 as the literature about them, is in nowise 

 uniform. Some, like the Beothukan, 

 Esselenian, and Karankawan, are utterly 

 extinct, and but small vocabularies of 

 them have been preserved. Of others, 

 who still survive in limited or de- 

 creasing numbers, like the Chimakuan, 

 Chimarikan, Chitimachan, Chumashan, 

 Coahuiltecan, Costanoan, Kalapooian, 

 Mariposan, Moquelumnan, Natchesan, 

 Pujunan, Salinan, Shastan, Takilman, 

 Washoan, Weitspekan, Yakonan, and 

 Yukian, the vocabularies and texts col- 

 lected are not very extensive or conclu- 

 sive. The Algonquian, Athapascan, Es- 

 kimauan, Iroquoian, Muskhogean, Salish- 

 an, Skittagetan, Koluschan, and Siouan 



families are represented by many gram- 

 mars, dictionaries, and native texts, both 

 puldished and in manuscript. The ex- 

 tent and value of these materials may 

 be seen from the bibliographies of the 

 late J. C. Pilling, of the Algonquian, 

 Athapascan, Chinookan, Eskimauan, Iro- 

 quoian, Muskhogean, Salishan, Siouan, 

 and Wakashan stocks, pulilished as bul- 

 letins by the Bureau of American Eth- 

 nology, (a. f. c. ) 



Linoklusha {Lin-ok-lic'-slia, 'crayfish'). 

 A clan of the Kushapokla phratry of the 

 Choctaw.— Morgan, Anc. Soc, 162, 1877. 



Lintchanre ('flat sides of dogs'). A 

 clan or division of the Thlingchadinne 

 living N. and e. of the n. arm of Great 

 Slave lake, in Mackenzie Ter., Canada. 

 Klin-tchanpe.— Petitot, Autour du lac des Esclaves, 

 363,1891. Klin-tchonpeh.— Ibid., 303. lin-tchanre. — 

 Petitot in Bui. Soc. de Geog. Paris, chart, 1875. 

 'lin-tchanpe.— Petitot, MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1865. 

 I'in-tchanpe.— Petitot, Diet. Dene-Dindji6, xx, 

 1876. Plats-c6tes-de-chien du fort Rae. — Ibid. 



Lintja. A former Chumashan village 

 near Santa Barbara, Cal. 

 Lintja.— Tavlor in Cal. Farmer, Apr. 24, 1863. 

 luijta.— Bahcroft, Nat. Races, I, 459, 1874 (mis-- 

 quoted from Taylor). 



Lions Creek. The local name for a for- 

 mer band of Salish under Eraser super- 

 intendency, Brit. Col. 



Leon's Creek.— Can. Ind. Aff. for 1878, 78. Lion's 

 Creek.— Ibid., 1S79, 138. 



Lipajenne. A subdivision of the Lipan. 

 Lipajen-ne. — Orozco y Berra, Geog., 59, 1864. Lip- 

 anjen-ne.— Escudero, Not. Estad. de Chihuahua, 

 212, 1834. 



Lipan (adapted from Ipa-n'de, appar- 

 ently a personal name; n'c/g=' people'). 

 An Apache tribe, designating themselves 

 Naizhan ('ours,' 'our kind'), which at 

 various periods of the 18th and 19th cen- 

 turies roamed from the lower Rio Grande 

 in New Mexico and Mexico eastward 

 through Texas to the Gulf coast, gaining 

 a livelihood by depredations against other 

 tril)es and especially against the white 

 settlements of Texas and Mexico. The 

 name has probably been employed to 

 include other Apache groups of the south- 

 ern plains, such as the Mescaleros and 

 the Kiowa Apache. The Franciscan mis- 

 sion of San Saba (q. v.) was established 

 among the Lipan in Texas in 1757, but it 

 was soon destroyed by their enemies, the 

 Comanche and Wichita. In 1761-62 the 

 missions of San Lorenzo and Candelaria 

 werealso founded, but these meta like fate 

 in 1767. In 1805 the Lipan were reported 

 to be divided into 3 bands, numbering 

 300, 350, and 100 men, respectively; this 

 apparently gave rise to their subdivision 

 by Orozco y Berra in 1864 into the Lipa- 

 jenne, Lipanes de Arriba, and Lipanes 

 de Abajo. In 1839, under chief Castro, 

 they sided with the Texans against the 

 Comanche (Schoolcraft, Thirty Years, 

 642, 1851); they were always friends with 

 their congeners, the Mescaleros, and with 



